Abstract
Forecasting energy price and consumption is essential in making effective managerial decisions and plans. While there are many sophisticated mathematical methods developed so far to forecast, some nature-based intelligent algorithms with desired characteristics have been developed recently. The main ...
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Forecasting energy price and consumption is essential in making effective managerial decisions and plans. While there are many sophisticated mathematical methods developed so far to forecast, some nature-based intelligent algorithms with desired characteristics have been developed recently. The main objective of this research is short term forecasting of energy price and consumption in Iranian industrial sector using artificial intelligence including an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The dataset contains monthly price and consumption of gas oil, petrol, and liquid petroleum gas in the period between March 1996 and March 2010. Based on dataset, energy price and consumption for 2011 and 2012 are forecasted. The results obtained utilizing the two methods show that while both are appropriate tools to forecast price and consumption, most of the time ANFIS has lower error than ANN in terms of the mean squared error criterion
Hamid Reza Horry; Elham Rahimi
Abstract
This study examines the impacts of real exchange rate fluctuations on the companies' strategic investments in Iran. The data of 92 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2002-2015areused. First, the volatility of exchange rate is estimated by the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional ...
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This study examines the impacts of real exchange rate fluctuations on the companies' strategic investments in Iran. The data of 92 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2002-2015areused. First, the volatility of exchange rate is estimated by the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH). The model is estimated by GMM and system GMM methods. The results show that the relationship between exchange rate volatility and companies' strategic investments has an inverse U-shaped. The estimation result of GMM method shows that the inflection points for volatility of exchange rate and its lag are 0.08% and 0.13% respectively. When we estimate the model with system GMM the inflection point for exchange rate volatility and its lag are 0.05% and 0.11%, respectively. Moreover, we find out that the first lag of investment and cash flow variables have had positive and significant effects on strategic investment.
Hassan Heidari; ahmad molabahrami
Abstract
In this study, we use a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to investigate the household portfolio channel of monetary and credit shocks transmission in Iran. In this regard, we developed a canonical New Keynesian DSGE model with financial and banking sectors. The model is estimated by ...
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In this study, we use a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to investigate the household portfolio channel of monetary and credit shocks transmission in Iran. In this regard, we developed a canonical New Keynesian DSGE model with financial and banking sectors. The model is estimated by Bayesian method for the period 1990-2012. The result showed that the current and expected prices of financial and physical assets affected their optimal proportions in household portfolio. Second, banking sector had a significant impact on the household portfolio composition and also on the real sector variables. More specifically, a positive deposit rate shock reduced the proportions of financial and physical assets in household portfolio and increased marginal cost and inflation. This shock decreased investment and output. Third, a positive shock on stock price had negative effects on demand for other assets in household portfolio but these effects were discharged rapidly. Moreover, the housing price shock had similar effects on demand for mentioned assets but the effects were discharged slowly. The results emphasized the role of credit, banking and assets markets sectors in financial fluctuation, business cycles and monetary transmission in Iran.
Mirhojjat NajafiNasab; Lotfali Agheli; Mônica Viegas Andrade; HOSSEIN SADEGHI; Sajjad Faraji Dizaji
Abstract
Health tourism is a profitable and competitive industry, which includes both medical and wellness tourism. This research intends to identify and analyze the determinants of medical tourism expansion in Iran. To this end, first, 384 questionnaires were distributed among medical tourists visiting selected ...
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Health tourism is a profitable and competitive industry, which includes both medical and wellness tourism. This research intends to identify and analyze the determinants of medical tourism expansion in Iran. To this end, first, 384 questionnaires were distributed among medical tourists visiting selected private hospitals in Tehran, and medical tourism experts in both private and public sectors in 2017. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The price level had the greatest impact on attracting the medical tourists in 2017. The service and therapeutic capacities, and the characteristics of the destination ranked second and third, respectively. Marketing and public sector policy-making had positive but relatively small effects on attracting medical tourists to Iran. To compete with rival countries in attracting medical tourists, surgical operations should be presented efficiently. Private hospitals have to maintain their equipment and technology at the same level as those in the advanced countries. Furthermore, public and private sectors should spend more on advertising and marketing. Finally, in attracting more medical tourists, the role of public policy should be considered seriously.
Pardisolssadat Seyedmashhadi; Seyed Abdolmajid Jalaee Esfand Abadi; Mehdi Nejati; Mohsen Zayandehroodi
Abstract
the present paper evaluates the effect of investment risk spillover on key economic indicators using a CGE model and the GTAP.9 database have been used for this purpose. Two scenarios of 10% and 3% increase in investment risk are considered in order to investigate the effect of these changes according ...
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the present paper evaluates the effect of investment risk spillover on key economic indicators using a CGE model and the GTAP.9 database have been used for this purpose. Two scenarios of 10% and 3% increase in investment risk are considered in order to investigate the effect of these changes according to a recent trend analysis of economic indicators in Iran and the trend of the Iranian economy towards globalization and opening of the economy windows. The results show that both scenarios reduce investment risk, inflation, gross domestic product and total investment. Government expenditures are reduced in all sectors of the economy except for the service sector, which is almost unchanged. The exports are increased in all sectors and the imports are declined in sectors of agriculture, industry and services. As well as, the results show that the import of the oil and gas sector has not been heavily influenced by the investment risk due to its governmental status. By assessing these two scenarios and the sensitivity of the macroeconomic indicators to the degree of risk change, it can be stated that the key economic indicators will be significantly improved by managing the risk of investment.
Salah Salimian; kiumars shahbazi
Abstract
Utilization management of Persian Gulf oil and gas reserves is important, because of the importance of this area owing to the fact that it comprised 60% of the proven oil reserves and 40% of the proven gas reserves of the world and it determines the world's oil and gas strategies. By using game theory, ...
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Utilization management of Persian Gulf oil and gas reserves is important, because of the importance of this area owing to the fact that it comprised 60% of the proven oil reserves and 40% of the proven gas reserves of the world and it determines the world's oil and gas strategies. By using game theory, this paper seeks to achieve the best strategy that Iran could use in confronting other partners of common fields. Moreover, it seems to find the best approach for Iran and other countries in cooperation and non-cooperation conditions in extraction. The results showed that the higher the number of countries for a common resource, the less the attempt of each country would be; however, the more the total attempt of countries will be, which means more waste of attempt. Overall, partner countries in a resource are recommended to take actions to extract common resource via agreement and mutual cooperation; so that they could extract the same amount of common resources exercising less effort.
Yeganeh Mousavi Jahromi; Sahar Dehghan
Abstract
In Direct Tax Act, penalties and incentives are two strategies for realization of the expected tax revenues. In this study the interaction between individual businesses taxpayers' behaviors and National Tax Administration is investigated by using prospect theory which is based on behavioral economics ...
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In Direct Tax Act, penalties and incentives are two strategies for realization of the expected tax revenues. In this study the interaction between individual businesses taxpayers' behaviors and National Tax Administration is investigated by using prospect theory which is based on behavioral economics approach. For this purpose, the structure of the tax compliance of the mentioned taxpayers is evaluated via the changes in penalty and incentive rates. In this way, a special questionnaire regarding the items of individual businesses sector of Direct Tax Act was designed for tax compliance evaluating and the results obtained using Bayesian Hierarchical method. The results indicate that the investigated individual business taxpayers, at all income levels were more sensitive toward incentive rates, so that this result can be useful for tax policymakers.
Other
Ali Rezazadeh; Roghayeh Mohseninia
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive and different sight at the theoretical literature of the relationship between financial stress index and financial markets and presents a new method in order to investigate the nonlinear relationship between the financial stress index and financial markets for Iran's ...
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This study provides a comprehensive and different sight at the theoretical literature of the relationship between financial stress index and financial markets and presents a new method in order to investigate the nonlinear relationship between the financial stress index and financial markets for Iran's financial system. To that end, the time-varying Granger-causality tests were used. After calculating the financial stress index, the causality between these variable and other variables (gold price, exchange rate, and stock price index) was evaluated. The time-varying causality tests included forward, rolling, and recursive estimators from April 2005 to December 2019. All results were recalculated regarding time series variance heterogeneity for sensitivity assessment. The estimation findings were more credible in terms of variance heterogeneity due to the monthly nature of the data employed and the high probability of variance heterogeneity. The estimation results with variance heterogeneity and time-varying Granger-causality variable test used to investigate the relationship between financial stress and the stock market also revealed no evidence of causality between financial stress and the stock price index using forward and rolling algorithms. Findings indicate that the financial stress is the source of variations in the Iranian gold market, it does not affect the currency or stock markets.
Other
Ahmed Taruwere Yakubu; Ismail Aremu Muhammed
Abstract
Transport Infrastructural Development, specifically, road transport infrastructure has been argued to play an important role in the growth of economic activities. In this way, countries all over the world, Sub-Sahara African countries alike, have made critical efforts to improve the quality of this infrastructure. ...
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Transport Infrastructural Development, specifically, road transport infrastructure has been argued to play an important role in the growth of economic activities. In this way, countries all over the world, Sub-Sahara African countries alike, have made critical efforts to improve the quality of this infrastructure. However, the results of these efforts have not been felt much in Sub-Sahara African countries. The quality of road networks in Sub-Sahara African countries is relatively low to countries of other regions of the world. This has motivated this study to investigate the factors that determine the quality of road infrastructure, particularly, the role of fiscal transparency. The panel ARDL method, with a focus on its pooled-mean group (PMG), mean group (MG) and dynamic fixed effects (DFE) estimators was employed on the annual panel data of 34 Sub-Sahara African countries over the 2006 – 2018 periods. Also, Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel Granger non-causality were conducted to determine the casual relationship between fiscal transparency and quality of road transport infrastructure. The findings of the study revealed that more transparent fiscal activities are important to improve the quality of road transport infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa in the long run, with coefficient value of 0.008. More so, public debt and private investment are critical to long-run improvement in the quality of road infrastructure in the region (with coefficient values of 0.022 and 0.102 respectively). Therefore, the study recommended that better transparency of fiscal activities should be strengthened in these countries to achieve better quality of road transport infrastructure.
International Economics
Faranak Miraali; Saied Isazadeh; Seyed Ehsan Hosseinidoust
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered as an inseparable features of an open and influential global economic system and a key factor for growth and development between countries. Due to having huge amount of oil and gas resources as well as relatively large markets, Iran has a great potential ...
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered as an inseparable features of an open and influential global economic system and a key factor for growth and development between countries. Due to having huge amount of oil and gas resources as well as relatively large markets, Iran has a great potential for attracting FDI far more than its performance. However, various sanctions imposed on the country in recent years has led to a decrease in FDI by creating a hostile psychological environment and high risk for economic activities. In this paper, we are going to examine the widespread impacts of economic sanctions imposed by the US on the FDI of Iran between 1980 and 2020 through a model called the synthetic control (SCM). Through SCM we estimate the difference in FDI between the treated country (Iran) and the counterfactual (Synthetic Iran). The results show that the sanctions leads to almost 12 billion $ reduction in the FDI compared to the no-sanctions situation. Following the escalation of sanctions under the Trump administration and the withdrawal of the US from the JCPOA, the adverse effects of declining FDI peaked at 20 billion $ in 2020.The placebo tests also show that the there are statistical significance in findings (at the 10%
Yeganeh Mousavi Jahromi; Arghavan Farzin Motamed
Abstract
A model of consumer behavior has been formulated by using an additive utility function and the hedonic pricing approach, in a virtual market. Since, there is a time lag between ordering and purchasing products (goods and services) online and receiving them, it means the consumer makes decision under ...
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A model of consumer behavior has been formulated by using an additive utility function and the hedonic pricing approach, in a virtual market. Since, there is a time lag between ordering and purchasing products (goods and services) online and receiving them, it means the consumer makes decision under uncertainty. The level of satisfaction with products with distinctive characteristics is described by the probability vector of their expected quality. Consumer choice, as well as interpretation of the equilibrium, is derived from a mathematical process. The results show that hedonic pricing which indicates willingness to pay is affected by probabilities of the expected quality or satisfaction with product characteristics. In addition, the expected marginal rate of substitution for every two characteristics of the product equals to the ratio for probabilities of the expected quality of them.
Morteza Derakhshan; MirHadi Hosseini Kondelaji
Abstract
This article aims to study lease and hiring contract in the Iranian-Islamic setting and analyze the asymmetric information problem in these contracts. For doing this, we study the characteristics of lease and hiring contracts in Iran (real world experimental characteristics that recognized in other studies), ...
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This article aims to study lease and hiring contract in the Iranian-Islamic setting and analyze the asymmetric information problem in these contracts. For doing this, we study the characteristics of lease and hiring contracts in Iran (real world experimental characteristics that recognized in other studies), using library method, then we mathematically model different aspects of asymmetric information (hidden information and hidden action) using contract theory. The result of model indicates that there is a list of optimal contracts in any lease or hiring transactions that can solve asymmetric information problems (adverse selection and moral hazard) by satisfying the participation and incentive compatibility constraints. Finally in the experimental analyses we calculate the optimal contract with hypothetical parameters using lingo software and illustrate that the main models provided for every transactions is solvable and the optimal contracts are obtainable. Experimental contracts shows that the lessor has to set security deposits of tenant type θL lower than tenant type θH and set higher monthly rent for him in lease contracts, and principal has to set wage of tenant type θL lower than tenant type θH and set higher length of contract for him in hiring contracts to solve asymmetric information problems.
Hadi Keshavarz; Hojat Parsa
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables with regard to the collateral constraint. For this purpose, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) was developed for Iran’s economic status. Two scenarios were considered as to account for the behavior ...
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This study aimed to examine the effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables with regard to the collateral constraint. For this purpose, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) was developed for Iran’s economic status. Two scenarios were considered as to account for the behavior of the central bank. In the first scenario, the monetary rule is modeled according to the GDP gap and inflation. In the second scenario that is modeled by macro-prudential rule, in addition to the GDP gap and inflation, it is also the central bank responses to the housing price gap that contributes to a steady state. An examination of the impulse response functions in the two scenarios indicated that the monetary shock increased production and inflation. A monetary shock has a positive impact on the consumption of patient households (lenders) and a negative effect on impatient households’ (borrowers) consumption. The collateral constraint was assumed to cause the effects of shocks to be continued on both groups. A comparison between the two scenarios indicated that if the central bank responds to the housing price deviation, in addition to the GDP gap and inflation, the effectiveness of the monetary policy will be strengthened.
Abbas Mohammadzadeh; Charles Harvie; Seyed Komail Tayebi
Abstract
Abstract Financial crises and currency instabilities within developing and emerging economies during the last decade had a tremendous impact on the economic performance and increased vulnerability of economies against domestic and foreign shocks. The timing of capital liberalization is one of the significant ...
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Abstract Financial crises and currency instabilities within developing and emerging economies during the last decade had a tremendous impact on the economic performance and increased vulnerability of economies against domestic and foreign shocks. The timing of capital liberalization is one of the significant debates among other issues related to currency instability, and it would be more convenient to take this policy whenever the economy is ready for it. In this study trade openness is assumed to be a perquisite for capital liberalization. The aim is to see whether the capital liberalization without enough trade openness would be a possible factor for the currency instability. To reach to this aim, a sample of emerging countries for the period of 1998-2009 is selected. A Probit Panel Data model is used to estimate the parameters of the model. The parameters are all found to be significant and support the main idea of this study.
Farhad Khodadad Kashi; Ali Afsari
Abstract
Using panel data method, this study examines the effects of different dimensions of social capital on innovation at the societal level across 21 countries (19 Asian countries plus Russia and Egypt) for the period 1995-2011. Dimensions of social capital that have been considered in this study include ...
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Using panel data method, this study examines the effects of different dimensions of social capital on innovation at the societal level across 21 countries (19 Asian countries plus Russia and Egypt) for the period 1995-2011. Dimensions of social capital that have been considered in this study include generalized trust, trust toward friends, institutional trust, civic participation, and norms of civic behavior. We use Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) method to estimate the model. Our empirical findings suggest that in Asian countries some aspects of social capital such as trust toward friends, generalized trust and norms of civic behavior have a positive and significant effect on innovation. But civic participation and institutional trust have no significant impact on innovation. Moreover, we find that human capital and R & D expenditure have a positive effect on innovation in these countries.
International Economics
Hassan Daliri
Abstract
This paper concentrates on the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in different country income levels. This study is based on 79 countries into four income groups (31 High income, 18 Lower middle income, 21 Upper middle-income, and 9 Low-income countries) for the period 1990-2019. ...
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This paper concentrates on the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in different country income levels. This study is based on 79 countries into four income groups (31 High income, 18 Lower middle income, 21 Upper middle-income, and 9 Low-income countries) for the period 1990-2019. Our estimations make use of panel quantile regression techniques. This article’s results show that the impact of FDI on economic growth appears to change with a country's growth level. The empirical results show that in countries with high income, medium-upper income levels, the influence of FDI on economic growth is always positive. Of course, there is a negative link between FDI and economic growth in the lower-income and the 30th percentile in medium-lower income. We obtained evidence that the growth effect of FDI is conditional upon the level of income and growth in host countries. The impact of FDI on economic growth depends on the countries income level. FDI is particularly suitable for economic growth in countries with higher GDP growth. In countries with medium-upper income levels of income, the influence of FDI on economic growth is greater than other income groups.
Seyed Reza Miraskari; Seyed Komail Tayebi; Mohammad Vaez Barzani
Abstract
This paper tries to analyze the impacts of intermediate goods trade on production, consumption, investment, net exports, employment, labor wage and capital rent of Iran in its bilateral trade relations with China. This analysis has been done by modeling, solving and calibrating an international real ...
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This paper tries to analyze the impacts of intermediate goods trade on production, consumption, investment, net exports, employment, labor wage and capital rent of Iran in its bilateral trade relations with China. This analysis has been done by modeling, solving and calibrating an international real business cycles (IRBC) model in period 1980-2009. The results show that when elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported intermediate goods is low, increasing the share of Iran’s imported intermediate goods from China increases volatility of Iran’s macroeconomic variables. The value of an increase in volatility of Iran’s macroeconomic variables depends on elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported intermediate goods, when the elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported intermediate goods is low, an increase in the share of Iran’s imported intermediate goods from China leads to a further increase in the volatility of macroeconomic variables. These results indicate that imports of intermediate goods are an important path through for transmission of shocks between main bilateral trade partners.
Environmental Economics
Mohammad Nabi Shahiki Tash; Mostafa khajehhasani; Morteza Yaqubi
Abstract
Monopoly and negative externalities are two aspects of market failure that affect the market performance. This study extends the Leibenstein approach, a framework to measure the market performance, which evaluates the social welfare costs of market power and environmental inefficiency. To assess the ...
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Monopoly and negative externalities are two aspects of market failure that affect the market performance. This study extends the Leibenstein approach, a framework to measure the market performance, which evaluates the social welfare costs of market power and environmental inefficiency. To assess the deadweight loss, we capture pollution impacts, on the market performance in an imperfect competition. In doing so, we assess marginal costs and price elasticity of demand by a Translog function, market power by Herfindahl-Hirschman and Lerner indices, and environmental inefficiency by directional distance functions, at a Cournot competition for Iran’s energy-intensive industries at the four-digit ISIC level. Our results demonstrate that the social welfare costs of welfare triangle and economic rent are negligible and include a small amount of welfare costs. Non-ferrous foundry imposes the lowest social cost (1.03% of its production value), and cement, lime and gypsum industries impose the highest social cost (50.7% of their production value). Those industries with more market power pay less attention to the environment. In polluting industries, welfare loss, due to market power, is relatively negligible. However, relatively high cost of social welfare, due to environmental inefficiency, indicates the necessity of levying a green tax to reduce the adverse effects.
Azar Sheikhzeinoddin; Mohammad Bakhshoodeh; David Blandford
Abstract
In this study, the social welfare impacts of the interaction of Iranian rice import policies and Thai export policies are analyzed using a game theoretic approach in conjunction with econometric supply and demand models. The joint impacts of increasing the world price of rice, resulting from the export ...
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In this study, the social welfare impacts of the interaction of Iranian rice import policies and Thai export policies are analyzed using a game theoretic approach in conjunction with econometric supply and demand models. The joint impacts of increasing the world price of rice, resulting from the export policies in Thailand along with changes in tariff rates in Iran, on social welfare are analyzed in the two countries. Because Iran is a small country in terms of the volume of world rice trade its policies do not influence Thai social welfare. Results of this study show that in order to maximize its own social welfare, the government should impose a modest tariff rate of approximately 3%. This is much less than the actual tariff rate applied in recent years, e.g. 19% in 2007.
Saeed Samadi; Amin Haghnejad
Abstract
This paper investigates the asymmetry in volatility of returns for the Iranian stock market using the daily closing values of the Tehran exchange price index (TEPIX) covering the period from March 25, 2001 to July 25, 2012, with a total of 2743 observations. To this end, two sets of tests have been employed: ...
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This paper investigates the asymmetry in volatility of returns for the Iranian stock market using the daily closing values of the Tehran exchange price index (TEPIX) covering the period from March 25, 2001 to July 25, 2012, with a total of 2743 observations. To this end, two sets of tests have been employed: the first set is based on the residuals derived from a symmetric GARCH (1,1) model. The second set is based on the asymmetric GARCH models, including EGARCH (1,1), GJR-GARCH(1,1), and APARCH(1,1) models. To capture the stylized fact that the returns series are fat-tailed distributed, in addition to classic Gaussian assumption, the innovations are also assumed to have t-student distribution and GED (Generalized Error Distribution). The results indicate that there is no evidence of the leverage effects in the Iranian stock market, meaning that negative and positive shocks of the same magnitude have the same impacts on the future volatility level. This result is in contrast with the results of most empirical studies, where an asymmetry in volatility of stock returns has been found. This seems to be the result of the governmental or quasi-governmental nature of many companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.
Siab Mamipour; Fereshteh Vaezi Jezeie
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of oil and gold prices on stock market index are investigated. We use a cointegrated vector autoregressive Markov-switching model to examine the nonlinear properties of these three variables during the period of January 2003 - December 2014. The Markov-switching vector-equilibrium-correction ...
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In this paper, the effects of oil and gold prices on stock market index are investigated. We use a cointegrated vector autoregressive Markov-switching model to examine the nonlinear properties of these three variables during the period of January 2003 - December 2014. The Markov-switching vector-equilibrium-correction model with three regimes representing "deep recession", "mild recession" and "expansion" provides a good characterization of the sample data. The results of the model show that the impact of oil price on stock returns is positive and significant in the short run. However, it has negative effects on stock market in the long run. Moreover, we find out that the relationship between gold price and stock market returns varies during the period under investigation depending on the market conditions. More specifically, the positive gold price shock decreases the stock market returns in the short run (10 months), while it increases the stock market returns in the medium and long run.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to identify the industrial markets coordinates with the help of Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index, cost disadvantage ratio (CDR) index and Comanor and Wilson's economies of scale index (MES). The paper also attempts to recognize Iran's monopolistic industries through ...
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The aim of this paper is to identify the industrial markets coordinates with the help of Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index, cost disadvantage ratio (CDR) index and Comanor and Wilson's economies of scale index (MES). The paper also attempts to recognize Iran's monopolistic industries through the Fuzzy TOPSIS method presented by Chen (2000) under triangular fuzzy membership function. Given the findings raised from three market structure components (HHI; CDR and MES) it is confirmed that the most monopolistic industries respectively include: Manufacturers of tobacco products, manufacturers of games and toys, manufacturers of industrial process control equipment and tanning and dressing of leather, manufacturers of luggage, handbags, saddlery and harness, dressing and dyeing of fur. The Entry barrier criterion has also had an essential role in expanding the monopolies in Iranian markets
mohammad hossin nekooei; reza zeinalzadeh; Zeinolabedin Sadeghi
Abstract
The relationship between democracy and environment has always been controversial. Some scientists found that democracy had a positive impact on reducing environmental disruption. Other scholars claimed that democracy tends to accelerate environmental degradation. Ther are many studies focusing on main ...
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The relationship between democracy and environment has always been controversial. Some scientists found that democracy had a positive impact on reducing environmental disruption. Other scholars claimed that democracy tends to accelerate environmental degradation. Ther are many studies focusing on main determinants of environmental degradation. More recently, democracy is considered to be one of factors affecting environmental quality. This research studies the relationship between democracy and environment quality in selected Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries by using panel data model for the period 2000-2010. The results of estimation show that democracy affects environment quality directly in these countries. Moreover, we find that economic growth and trade have positive effect on environmental quality. However, energy consumption and population have negative effect on environment in selected OIC countries.
Zakariya Farajzadeh; Abdoulkarim Esmaeili
Abstract
Food products account for a significant amount of the Iranian imports. Despite the rising prices of food products over the last two decades, their imports have been increasing too. In this study import demand of the main imported food products is empirically analyzed using Quadratic AIDS. Welfare impacts ...
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Food products account for a significant amount of the Iranian imports. Despite the rising prices of food products over the last two decades, their imports have been increasing too. In this study import demand of the main imported food products is empirically analyzed using Quadratic AIDS. Welfare impacts are measured using compensated variation. The results indicate that all products, except tea and cheese are own price inelastic. In general, price response of food imports is found low. Rising prices of the products as high as their trend over the last two decades has resulted in an annual welfare loss of 2.2 percent.
Mansour Mahinizadeh; Kazem Yavari; Hassan Valibeigi; Ali Shafiei
Abstract
Nowadays, banks are considered as one of the major components of the financial system of a country and any deficits and malfunction in the banking system will negatively affect the performance of the real sector. Therefore, there is a need for more investigation on the behavior of banks and factors affecting ...
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Nowadays, banks are considered as one of the major components of the financial system of a country and any deficits and malfunction in the banking system will negatively affect the performance of the real sector. Therefore, there is a need for more investigation on the behavior of banks and factors affecting those behaviors in a country. One of the issues that affect the behavior of banks is symmetric information. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of asymmetric information in the money markets on investment, production, and employment. Hence, based on the New-Keynesian framework, a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model was adopted in accordance with the structure of the economy of Iran. The designed model entailed nine sectors including households, firms, banks, the Central Bank, oil, the government, exports, imports, and other countries of the world. Moreover, the rigidities of the prices and wages, and the rigidities of the imported and exported goods were taken into account in the model. By using the Bayesian method and data gathered from Iran during 1974-2017, the parameters of equations were estimated and the impact of symmetric information was investigated. The results indicated that increasing the asymmetric information and reducing the honesty in the society through decreasing the resources available to the banks and increasing the cost of banks will lead to an increase in the profit of the facilities. Also, increasing the profit of banks concessional loans decreases investment, production, and employment.
