ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prediction-Based Portfolio Optimization Model for Iran’s Oil Dependent Stocks Using Data Mining Methods
This study applied a prediction-based portfolio optimization model to explore the results of portfolio predicament in the Tehran Stock Exchange. To this aim, first, the data mining approach was used to predict the petroleum products and chemical industry using clustering stock market data. Then, some effective factors, such as crude oil price, exchange rate, global interest rate, gold price, and S&P 500 index, were used to estimate each industry index using Radial Basis Function and Multi-Layer Perceptron neural networks. Finally, by comparing the validation ratios in a bullish market using K-Means, SOM, and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms, the best algorithm was employed to predict indicators for each industry. The sample was collected between December 15, 2008, and April 25, 2018. The results revealed that the Multi-Layer Perceptron algorithm had the highest accuracy and was the best option for portfolio predicament. However, the Fuzzy C-means algorithm produced the best clusters. Practical results showed that Sepahan oil and Kharg petrochemical stocks were the most important stocks in the short term while Kharg petrochemical, Fannavaran petrochemical, and Tehran oil refinery stocks made higher contributions in a stock portfolio in the medium- or long-term.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5560_3c34798ed1cefaf598d3091a37809822.pdf
2020-03-02
225
252
10.22099/ijes.2020.34367.1595
Stock index
Portfolio Optimization
Data mining
Artificial neural networks
clustering
Mohammad
Sayadi
m.sayadi@khu.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Economics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Meysam
Omidi
meysamomidi2016@gmail.com
2
Faculty of Economics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Bação, F., Lobo, V., Painho, M., 2005. Self-organizing maps as substitutes for k-means clustering, International Conference on Computational Science. Springer, pp. 476-483.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Theory of Purchasing Power Parity in MENA Countries: The Quantile Unit Root Test
This paper examines the theory of purchasing power parity aboutthe exchange rate of the dollar with local currencies in MENAcountries - the Middle East and North Africa - using a unit root testestablished on the quantile auto regressive model during the period1980-2017. This test, like other unit root tests, uses auto regressivemodel, unlike other methods that emphasize the mean of thedependent variable, this test employees different variables orquantiles for estimating the regression. If the theory of purchasingpower parity is in place, the real exchange rate will be stationary.According to the results of quantile unit root test, the real exchangerate for dollar in all countries except the four countries ofMorocco, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Jordan has a unit root and isnot stationary. Therefore, except for the four countries mentioned,the theory of purchasing power parity is not true in other studiedcountries. This result could be due to the difference inmacroeconomic conditions and less flexibility of the foreignexchange system in these countries compared to developedcountries.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5549_4859f0ed1dde57b33a4374b82932d6bc.pdf
2020-05-12
253
263
10.22099/ijes.2020.33571.1570
Purchasing Power Parity
MENA Countries
Quantile Unit Root Test
Seyyed Ali
Paytakhti Oskooe
oskooe@yahoo.com
1
Department of Economics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ehsan
Shafei
ehsanshafei@gmail.com
2
, Department of Economics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Benbouziane, M and A. Benamar, 2006. The Purchasing Power Parity in The Maghreb Countries: A Nonlinear Perspective, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13853/.
1
Bahmani-Oskooee, M. 1998. Do exchange rates follow a random walk process in Middle Eastern countries? Economics Letters, 58, 339–344.
2
Bahmani-Oskooee, M and M. Kandil, 2007. Testing the PPP in the non-linear STAR Framework: Evidence from MENA Countries, Scientific Journal of Administrative Development Vol.5.
3
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Chang, T., Chen, T. H., and H. W. Tzeng, 2016. Quantile unit root test and the PPP in Africa. Applied Economics, 49(19), 1913-1921
4
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., and O. Ranjbar, 2016. Quantile unit root test and PPP: evidence from 23 OECD countries. Applied Economics, 48(31), 2899-2911.
5
Drine, I and C. Rault, 2008. Purchasing Power Parity for Developing and Developed Countries. What can we Learn from Non-Stationary Panel Data Models?, CESifo Working Paper No. 2255.
6
Kalyoncu, H., Kula,F and A. Aslan, 2010. The Validity of Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis in Middle East, Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 4.
7
Kalyoncu, H., Aslan, A. and F. Kula, 2011. Purchasing Power Parity In Mena Revisited: Empirical Evidence in the Presence of Endogenously Determined Break Points, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 24:1, 1-12.
8
Koenker, R., and Z. Xiao, 2004. Unit root quantile autoregression inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 99(467), 775-787.
9
Koenker, R., and Z. Xiao, 2006. Quantile autoregression. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 101(475), 980-990.
10
Narayan K. and B.C. Prasad, 2005. The validity of purchasing power parity hypothesis for eleven middle eastern countries, Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 3, 135–149.
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the Behavior of Individual Business Taxpayers: Behavioral Economics Approach
In Direct Tax Act, penalties and incentives are two strategies for realization of the expected tax revenues. In this study the interaction between individual businesses taxpayers' behaviors and National Tax Administration is investigated by using prospect theory which is based on behavioral economics approach. For this purpose, the structure of the tax compliance of the mentioned taxpayers is evaluated via the changes in penalty and incentive rates. In this way, a special questionnaire regarding the items of individual businesses sector of Direct Tax Act was designed for tax compliance evaluating and the results obtained using Bayesian Hierarchical method. The results indicate that the investigated individual business taxpayers, at all income levels were more sensitive toward incentive rates, so that this result can be useful for tax policymakers.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5548_a7c61499555e09f7348b327da8207644.pdf
2020-03-19
265
281
10.22099/ijes.2020.33336.1566
Behavioral economics
Prospect Theory
Tax compliance
penalties
Incentives
Yeganeh
Mousavi Jahromi
yeganehmj@gmail.com
1
Department of Economics, Faculty of Management, Economics & Accounting, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sahar
Dehghan
dehghan4000@gmail.com
2
National Tax Administration
AUTHOR
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- Dehghan, S; Mousavi Jahromi, Y; Abdoli, Gh. (2018). “Prospect Theory: A New Strategy for Explaining Tax Evasion Phenomenon”. Journal of Economic Research, 53 (1), pp. 1-24.
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- Sandmo, A.(2005).The Theory of Tax Evasion: A Retrospective View, National Tax Journal, 2005, vol. 58, issue 4, 643-63.
31
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- Yaniv G., (1999). Tax compliance and advance tax payments: A prospect theory analysis.National Tax Journal 52, 753-64.
35
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37
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40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policies for a Non-Inflationary Exit from Stagnation in Iran: A DSGE Approach
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal monetary and fiscal policies with emphasis on a non-inflationary exit from economic stagnation in Iran. In the first stage, Iran’s economy has been modeled in the form of a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model (NK-DSGE). After modeling and extracting the system of equations, the structural parameters of the model have been estimated by using seasonal data from 1989 to 2016 and also the Bayesian approach. The results show that monetary and fiscal expansionary policies increase production though they are associated with inflation. In the second stage, the optimal monetary and fiscal rules have been extracted from a social loss function, and accordingly the conditions of a non-inflationary exit from stagnation have been investigated. The results of the simulation show that the optimal monetary policy cannot by itself lead to the exit of the economy from stagnation without inflation. However, if this policy is applied along with an optimal fiscal policy, a non-inflationary exit from economic stagnation can be achieved.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5547_87bff868b63ebf0aa96519196a213c79.pdf
2020-03-30
283
314
10.22099/ijes.2020.35291.1620
Optimal monetary and fiscal policy
DSGE Model
Iran’s Economy
Iman
Rousta
i.rousta@gmail.com
1
Department of Economics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Hadian
ehadian@rose.shirazu.ac.ir
2
Department of Economics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ali Hussein
Samadi
asamadi@rose.shirazu.ac.ir
3
Department of Economics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Parviz
Rostamzadeh
parvizrostamzadeh@shirazu.ac.ir
4
Department of Economics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
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32- Tayebi, S. K., Zamani, Z., and Malek Hosseini, S.H. (2015). The reaction of production and foreign trade to exchange policy for exit of economy from stagnation without inflation. The Journal of Financial Economy, 10(34), 1-32.
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Strategic Export Subsidies under Product Differentiation
This paper focuses on strategic trade policy in the form of export subsidies in Cournot duopoly structure for differentiated goods. Export subsidies affect social welfare in both static and dynamic situations , and the aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the welfare effects of export subsidies in one-period and multi-period games in differentiated goods markets. To analyze the welfare effects of export subsidies, a two-stage game of complete but inperfect information is considered. In the first stage, two governments determine the amount of export subsidies and in the second stage, two firms determine the product level. The results show that, given that the firms’ competitiveness do not differ so much, export subsidies by both governments increase the firms’ profits and decrease social welfare of both countries. In an infinitely repeated game with different discount factors for both countries, and by adopting trigger strategy, we create some conditions, in which both governments commit free trade. However, if the competitiveness of one firm is so greater than the other, free trade using trigger strategy is not stable and the country with more competitive firm has incentive to deviate.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5669_f86349a4ee751c2bdb528f06ca70a88e.pdf
2020-05-31
315
334
10.22099/ijes.2020.35423.1623
Strategic Trade Policy
Export Subsidies
Product Differentiation
Nash equilibrium
Repeated Game
Younes
Brumand
y.brumand@yahoo.com
1
Department of Economics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kiumars
Shahbazi
k.shahbazi@urmia.ac.ir
2
Department of Economics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Brander, J. (1995). Strategic Trade Policy. InG. Grossman and K. Rogoff (ed.), Handbook of International Economics (3). Netherland: North-Holland.
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3
Brander, J., & Spencer, B. (1985). Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry. Journal of International Economics, 18, 83-100. DOI:10.1016/0022-1996(85)90006-6.
4
Collie, D. (1993). Profit-Shifting Export Subsidies and the Sustainability of Free Trade. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 40, 408-419. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9485.1993.tb00663.x.
5
De Meza, D. (1986). Export Subsidies and High Productivity: Cause or Effect?. Canadian Journal of Economics, 19, 347-350.
6
Dutta, P. (1999). Strategies and Games: Theory and Practice. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
7
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Fudenberg, D., & Tirole, J. (1991). Game Theory. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
9
Gaudet, G., & Salant, S. (1991). Increasing the Profits of a Subset of Firms in Oligopoly Models with Strategic Substitutes. American Economic Review, 81, 658-65.
10
Gibbons, R. (1992). Game Theory for Applied Economists. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
11
Halland, J., & Kind, H. (2008). R & D Policies, Trade and Process Innovation. Journal of International Economics, 74, 170-87. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.04.001.
12
Kondo, H. (2013). International R & D Subsidy Competition, Industrial Agglomeration and Growth. Journal of International Economics, 89, 225-33. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.04.004.
13
Krugman, P. (1986). Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
14
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15
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16
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19
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Takalo, T., Tanayama, T., & Tojyanen, O. (2013). Market Failures and the Additionality Effects of Public Support to Private R & D: Theory and Empirical Implications. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 31, 634-42. DOI:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2013.02.002.
21
Tirole, J. (1988). The Theory of Industrial Organization. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
22
Yoon, J., & Choi, K. (2018). Why Do Export Subsidies still Exist? R&D and Output Subsidies. Japan and the World Economy, 45, 30-38. DOI:10.1016/j.japwor.2017.12.002.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Process of Developing an Innovative Medical Tourism Business in Iran
The aim of this paper was to investigate the processes of organizational innovation in medical tourism businesses. Specifically, this research aimed to answer: ―What is the process of developing medical tourism businesses in a developing country like Iran?‖ For this purpose, a grounded theory approach was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with fifteen medical tourism entrepreneurs who had experienced the above mentioned process. Analyzing the structure of values and interactions of entrepreneurs with others through their interviews led to the formation of an intermediate theory. The pattern obtained from this study shows that the main category that led to innovations among the studied medical tourism businesses was entrepreneurs’ tendency to create entrepreneurial activities, that is an innovative initiative. Based on our findings, should an innovative entrepreneur be affected by intermediate and environmental conditions, he or she introduces specific strategies to effectively carry out entrepreneurial activities that are discussed in this paper.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5671_9e6b53c7c320e6e86495ae5f90681542.pdf
2020-06-13
335
348
10.22099/ijes.2020.33886.1579
Medical Tourism Business
innovation
Grounded Theory
Iran
Tayebeh
Nikraftar
tnikraftar@gmail.com
1
Business Department, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nazanin
Falahati
naz.flht@gmail.com
2
Business Department, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Afuah, A. (1998). Responding to Structural Industry Changes: A Technological Evolution Perspective. Oxford University Press, Usa, 6(1), 183-202.
1
Alsharif, M.J., Labonte,R & Lu, Z. (2010). Patients beyond borders: a study of medical tourists in four countries. Global Soc. Policy, 10 (3), 315–335.
2
Balaban, V. and Marano, C. (2010). Medical tourism research: a systematic review. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 135.
3
Breakwell, G. M., Hammond, S. & Fife-Schaw, C. (Eds.) (2000). Research Methods in Psychology. London: Sage.
4
Caballero-Danell S, Mugomba C. (2007). Medical tourism and its entrepreneurial opportunities: A conceptual framework for entry into the industry. Rapport nr: Master Thesis. Available at https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/4671
5
Charmaz K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory. A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. London: SAGE.
6
Ciasullo, Maria V., Cosimato, S & Pellicano, M. (2017). Service Innovations in the Healthcare Service Ecosystem: A Case Study. Systems,5(37), 1-29.
7
Cormany, D. and Baloglu, S. (2011). ‘Medical travel facilitator websites: an exploratory study of web page contents and services offered to the prospective medical tourist, Tourism Management, 32(4), 709-16.
8
Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 3rd ed. Pearson Education International.
9
Crooks, V. A., Kingsbury, P., Snyder, J., & Johnston, R. (2010). What is known about the patient’s experience of medical tourism? A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 10, 1-12.
10
Decelle, X. (2006). A dynamic conceptual approach to innovation in tourism. In OECD, Innovation and Growth in Tourism (pp. 85–106). Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264025028-7-en.
11
Dooley, L., & Sullivan, D. (2007). Managing within distributed innovation networks. International Journal of Innovation Management, 11(3), 397-416.
12
Edwards, T., Delbridge, R. & Munday, M. (2005). Understanding innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises: A process manifest. Technovation, 25(10), 1119-1127.
13
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14
Gan, L. L., & Frederick, J. R. (2011). Medical tourism facilitators: Patterns of service differentiation. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 17(3), 165–183.
15
Hall, M. (2011). Health and medical tourism: A kill or cure for global public health?
16
Tourism Review, 66(1/2): 4-15.
17
Hilami, M. F., Ramayah, T., Mustapha, Y., & Pawanchik, S. (2010). Product and Process Innovativeness, Evidence from Malaysian SMEs. European Journal of Social Science. 16(4), 557-568.
18
Iranmanesh M, Moghavvemi S, Zailani S, Hyun SS (2018). The role of trust and religious commitment in Islamic medical tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(3):245-59.
19
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20
Izadi, M, Ayoobian, A Nasiri, T, Joneidi, N, Fazel, M and Hosseinpourfard, MJ. (2012). Situation of health tourism in Iran opportunity or threat. Jl Mil Med, 14 (2), 69-75.
21
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22
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23
Lajevardi, M. (2016). A Comprehensive Perspective on Medical Tourism Context and Create a Conceptual Framework. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 5:5
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25
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26
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27
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28
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Configurations in organizational innovation—A generative approach. European Journal of
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41
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42
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46
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47
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48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Descriptive Model of Resilient Economy: A Discourse Analysis of the Language Utilized by the Supreme Leader of Islamic Republic of Iran
This investigation is an endeavor to appraise the language of Resilient economy aiming at modeling it discursively for the first time in Iran. In this vein, postulating the thematic analysis proposed by Ary et al. (2010) as the analytical framework, this study integrated the concepts utilized in the discourse of Resilient economy extracted from various materials, articles, excerpts, interviews, and questionnaires through diverse qualitative techniques such as open, axial, and selective codifications. Moreover, to select a subset of common concepts and remove the redundant ones, factor analysis was applied as a quantitative technique. The findings elucidated two major theoretical views, i.e. macroscopic and microscopic. Macroscopic view accounts for the themes of history and philosophy behind Resilient economy, while microscopic view illuminates four themes of requirements, principles, objectives, and application procedures, which altogether comprised a model describing Resilient economy in the Iranian context. In the denouement, it was concluded that Resilient economy is the essence of Islamic and monotheistic economy where justice, fairness, democracy and knowledge shine as its premises, conducive to bolstering independence, flourish, innovation, entrepreneurship, and constant success and growth. Parenthetically, the study proposed some implications for economics teachers and discourse analysts at the end.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5709_83db30815cca5db3c81b5b4ef4964320.pdf
2020-06-22
349
373
10.22099/ijes.2020.35850.1632
discourse analysis
Resilient economy
Iran
Seyyed Mohammad Ali
Soozandehfar
soozandehfar@yahoo.com
1
Department of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL), University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Marzieh
Souzandehfar
mzsouzandeh@gmail.com
2
Department of Translation Studies, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Fars, Iran
AUTHOR
Allen, P. and Pholsward, R. (1988). The development of a diagnostic reading test for EAP students of economics. In M. L. Tickoo (ed.) ESP: State of the art. (Anthology Series 21) Singapore, SEAMO Regional Language Centre.
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Arabi, H. (2010). Manifestation of naming the five recent years in the definition of Resilient economy. Keihan Newspaper, News Code: 4089.
2
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3
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6
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7
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8
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9
Ekhtiari, M. (2010). Resilient economy: a strategy to neutralize sanctions. Keihan Newspaper, News Code: 4922.
10
Esmaeeli, B. (2008). From economic resistance to Resilient economy. Keihan Newspaper, No. 19807, p. 14.
11
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12
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17
Iravani, M. J. (2010). Examining resistive strategies in Iran's economy. Keihan Newspaper. News Code: 4923.
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23
Maleki, M. (2012). From Resilient economy to Epic economy. News Code: 4996
24
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28
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30
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31
Soleimani, M. (2010). Six necessities of implementing Resilient economy. Keihan Nwespaper, News Code: 37066.
32
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40
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41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Identification and Prioritization of Public-Private Partnership Indicators in Iran’s Water and Wastewater Industry via Data Mining Algorithms
The restrictions of government resources and the recent alterations in the economy have prompted government agencies to employ the capacities of private sector in all infrastructures. In this regard, a variety of financing methods, including the participatory models, have been applied for many years in the water and wastewater industry of Iran. The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) indicators in the water and wastewater industry of Iran via machine learning techniques. To this end, after collecting, preparing and preprocessing the data, weighted indexing techniques including information gain and Gini index were utilized to prioritize the PPP factors. The results indicated that 93% of the indicators were effective in predicting the success of the projects. To compare the two methods, the precision of Naïve Bayes and Random Forest classifiers were taken into account and the information gain method yielded more reasonable findings with one percent difference. The evaluation of indicators elucidated that "complaints about service quality," "contract type," and "Conventional tariffs" revealed a huge impact on the success of collaborative projects. Among the 15 indicators, eight were directly pertinent to the project financing which is the main concern in this industry.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5713_fd6e7ddcb35717612c4f4b22d999fe38.pdf
2020-06-24
375
396
10.22099/ijes.2020.35590.1625
Public-private partnerships
Investment
Key performance indicator
Water and wastewater industry
Malihe
Eskandary
eskandary@nww.ir
1
College of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Taghi
Taghavifard
dr.taghavifard@gmail.com
2
College of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Iman
Raeesi Vanani
imanraeesi@atu.ac.ir
3
College of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Soroush
Ghazi Noori
ghazinoori@atu.ac.ir
4
College of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Abdul-Aziz, A.R., (2001). Unraveling of BOT scheme: Malaysia's Indah water konsortium. Journal of construction engineering and management, 127(6), 457-460.
1
Akintoye, A., (2003). Achieving best value in private finance initiative project procurement. Construction Management and Economics, 21(5), p. 461-470.
2
Böhl, C.G.P. (2007). Development of a knowledge based decision support system for private sector participation in water and sanitation utilities. Oldenbourg Industrieverlag, 189.
3
Brune, N.G., Garrett, & Kogut, B. (2004). The International Monetary Fund and the global spread of privatization. IMF Staff Papers, 195-219.
4
Commission, E. (2003). Guidelines for successful public-private partnerships. DG Regional Policy.
5
Company, i. (2009). National Wastewater Finanving and investment strategy Report.
6
Delmon, J. (2015). Creating a Framework for Public-Private Partnership Programs.
7
Dorian, J.P. (2006). Central Asia: A major emerging energy player in the 21st century. Energy Policy, 34(5), 544-555
8
Golabchi, M., Nourzaee. (2015). Selecting the best PPP method in rail projects by using AHP methods. Journal of Transportation Engineering, No.6
9
Hall, D., Lobina. E. (2005). The relative efficiency of public and private sector water. PSIRU Reports.
10
Han, J., Jian, P., & Kamber, M. (2011). Data mining: concepts and techniques, Elsevier.
11
Hodge, G.A., Greve, C., & Boardman, A.E. (2010). International Handbook on Public-Private Partnership. Edward Elgar Publishing
12
Li, B. (2005). Critical success factors for PPP/PFI projects in the UK construction industry. Construction management and economics, 23(5), 459-471.
13
Liu, Haoyue, MengChu, Zhou, Xiaoyu, Sean Lu. & Cynthia Yao. (2018). Weighted Gini index feature selection method for imbalanced data. In 2018 IEEE 15th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). 1-6. IEEE.
14
Marzouk, M. Emad Fayez. (2018). PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECTS: CONCESSIONAIRE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT. Journal of Al Azhar University Engineering Sector
15
Penelope, B.J., Cowen, B. (1997). The private sector in water and sanitation–how to get started. Washington: Bank, p. 89-92.
16
Qiao, L. (2001). Framework for critical success factors of BOT projects in China. The Journal of Structured Finance, 7(1). p. 53-61.
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Sachs, T., Tiong, R.. & Qing, S. (2007). Analysis of political risks and opportunities in public private partnerships (PPP) in China and selected Asian countries: Survey results. Chinese Management Studies, 1(2). p. 126-148.
18
Salman, A.F., Skibniewski. M.J., & Basha, I. (2007). BOT viability model for large-scale infrastructure projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 133(1), 50-63.
19
Savas, E.S. (2000). Privatization and public-private partnerships. Chatham House New York.
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Sun, J., Wanga, R., Wanga, X., & Pinga. J. (2014). Spatial cluster analysis of bursting pipes in water supply networks. Procedia Engineering , 70,1610 – 1618
21
Tang, L., Shen, Q., & Cheng, E.W. (2010). A review of studies on public–private partnership projects in the construction industry. International Journal of Project Management, 28(7), 683-694.
22
Tina, R., Patil, S., & Sherekar, S. (2013). Performance Analysis of Naive Bayes and J48 Classification Algorithm for Data Classification
23
Wei, Y. (2011). Regulating Municipal Water Supply Concessions. p. 1-0.
24
Wen,Y., Huang, W., & Wu, J. (2013). Water Consumption analysis System Based On data Mining, Mechanics and Materials, 241-244, 1093-1097
25
Yong Qiu., Ji. Li., Xia, Huang., & Hanchang, Shi. (2018). A Feasible Data-Driven Mining System to Optimize Wastewater Treatment Process Design and Operation
26
Yu, I. (2007). Comparable performance measurement system for construction companies. Journal of Management in Engineering, 23(3), 131-139.
27
Yuan, J. (2009). Performance objectives selection model in public-private partnership projects based on the perspective of stakeholders. Journal of Management in Engineering.
28
Yuan, J. (2011). Developing key performance indicators for public-private partnership projects: questionnaire survey and analysis. Journal of Management in Engineering, 28(3),. 252-264.
29
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30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Culinary Tourism Development Based on Marketing Mix Strategy : The Case of Khorasan Razavi Province
Food is considered as an integral part of tourism experience, and culinary tourism is a relatively new concept in the tourism industry. Culinary tourism deals with cookery, cuisines, and food ways of a country, region, or locale as a unique and memorable activity. The present study was aimed to prioritize factors influencing culinary tourism development using marketing mix strategy in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. This applied research was performed by descriptive–survey method. The population consisted of experts in tourism and hotel management as well as experts in food industry, cookery, and restaurant management. Using stratified random sampling, first 200 participants were selected to fill the questionnaire, in order to identify effective factors, and then, 10 experts were asked to rank these factors. Confirmatory factor analysis and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process were employed to analyze the data. Findings of the study suggested that, among the four marketing mix strategies, price-related factors with a normal weight of 0.033 ranked first, and in terms of sub criteria related to study dimensions, matching prices to product quality and branding of local food products with a weight of 0.095 and 0.093, respectively were identified as the top factors influencing culinary tourism development.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5715_28ba2791960c924ffddbcd0360d293f6.pdf
2020-06-24
397
419
10.22099/ijes.2020.33944.1582
"Culinary Tourism"
"Tourism Development"
"Tourism Marketing Mix"
" Khorasan Razavi Province"
Younos
Vakil Alroaia
y.vakil@semnaniau.ac.ir
1
Assistant Prof. and Chairman, Entrepreneurship and Commercialization Research Center, Department of Management, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zahra
Zolfaghari
zahra.zo1991@gmail.com
2
MSc in Tourism Management, Faculty of Tourism, Semnan University , Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Sotoudeh
mrsotoudeh2015@gmail.com
3
Faculty of Economics & Management, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Bertella, G. and Vidmar, B. (2019), “Learning to face global food challenges through tourism experiences”, Journal of Tourism Futures, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 168-178.
1
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4
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5
Farajzadeh, Z., Esmaeili, A. (2017). The welfare effects of rising imported food prices in Iran. Iranian Journal of Economic Studies, 5(2), 189-208. Doi: 10.22099/ijes.2017.23795.1297
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15
Karim, S. (2006). Culinary tourism as a destination attraction: An empirical examination of the destination’s food image and information sources. PhD Thesis. Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma
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19
Lee, A. H. J., (2012). The creative food economy and culinary tourism through place branding: ‘terroir’ into a creative and environmentally friendly taste of a place. PhD. University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
20
Lin, Yi-Chin (2006), “Food images in destination marketing”, Purdue University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
21
Long, L. M. (Ed.). (2004). Culinary tourism. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
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López‐Guzmán, T., Rodríguez‐García, J., Sánchez‐Cañizares, S., & Luján‐García, M. J. (2011). The development of wine tourism in Spain. International Journal of Wine Business Research. 23(4), 374-386.
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Minihan, C. (2014). Exploring the culinary tourism experience: an investigation of the supply sector for brewery and restaurant owners. Yayımlanmamış PhD Thesis, Colorado State University, Colorado.
26
Molayi Hashtjin, N., Rahnamayi, M.T., and Rahnamayi, S. (2016). Culinary Tourism and its Role in Attracting Tourists (A Case Study: Talesh County). National Conference About Talesh. Rasht. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Guilan.
27
Morrison, A. (2010), Hospitality and Travel Marketing, Fourth Edition. Albany, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
28
Mortazavi, Sh. (2013). The Role of Demographic Factors in Culinary Tourism. Master's Thesis. Faculty of Management and Accounting. Allameh Tabataba'i University. Tehran
29
NajafiNasab, M., Agheli, L., Andrade, M., SADEGHI, H., Faraji Dizaji, S. (2018). Determinants of Medical Tourism Expansion in Iran: Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Iranian Journal of Economic Studies, 7(2), 169-189. Doi: 10.22099/ijes.2018.30739.1485
30
Ngoc, A. (2013). Promotion of Food Tourism on Websites of Tourist Offices. Bachelor's Thesis. University of Applied Science.
31
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32
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33
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34
Pomering, A., Johnson, L. & Noble, G. (2010). Conceptualizing a contemporary marketing mix for sustainable tourism marketing. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of The Council For Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE) (pp. 1-15). Hobart: School of Management, University of Tasmania.
35
Redl, S. (2013). Culinary Tourism for Young Adult Travelers and its connection to Destination Management. Bachelor Thesis. Business Administration Tourism and Hospitality Management.
36
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37
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38
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39
Shaterian, Mohsen, Mousavi, Seyed Hojjat, Kiani Selmi, Sedigheh, Zarei, Mina (2018). Modeling the Factors Shaping Culinary Tourism and Its Impact on the Loyalty of Tourists (case study: Tourists in Esfahan City), Journal of Research And Urban Planning, 9 (32), 53-66.
40
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41
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42
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43
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44
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45
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46
Wolf, E. (2002). Culinary tourism: A tasty economic proposition. Portland: International Culinary Tourism Taskforce.
47
Yo Chen.Y (2013). The Role of Food in Tourists’ Experiences: A Case Study of Taiwan, (Ph.D.) thesis, University of Waterloo, Recreation and Leisure Studies.
48
Yurtseven, R. and Kaya, O. (2011), “Local food in local menus: the case of Gökçeada”, Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 263-275.
49
Zamani Kasmani, S. (2015). The Role of Local Cuisines in the Development of Tourism with an Emphasis on Marketing. Master's thesis. Supervisor: Mohammad Najjar Zadeh Advisor: Leyla Vosoogh. Faculty of Tourism. University of Semnan.
50
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Government Size and Happiness Inequality: A Threshold Panel Approach
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between government size and happiness inequality in a number of developing and developed countries during the period of 2002-2015 by threshold panel approach. To obtain robust results, we have applied the model in the Iran’s economy by time series data during the period of 1974-2016. The results in developing countries showed that in small governments, the government size had a diminutive effect on the inequality of happiness, but by passing the threshold and increasing the government's involvement in the economy, this variable had no significant effect on the happiness inequality. The same time series results were obtained for Iran’s economy, which has a small government size. In this group, the government size has a significant negative impact on happiness inequality and after that, it has a significant positive impact on happiness inequality. Developed countries showed completely different results, whereby the size of the government had a significant positive impact on inequality in small governments but in large governments, it did not have a significant effect on the inequality of happiness.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5551_450f01840e890f75369ab5a0aad6be82.pdf
2020-06-24
421
439
10.22099/ijes.2020.35323.1621
Government Size
happiness inequality
developing countries
Developed Countries
threshold approach
Ebrahim
Zare
ebrahimzare.1398@gmail.com
1
Department of Economics, College of Economics and Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mehrzad
Ebrahimi
mhrzad@yahoo.com
2
Department of Economics, College of Economics and Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbas
Aminifard
aaminifard@yahoo.com
3
Department of Economics, College of Economics and Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hashem
Zare
hashem.zare@gmail.com
4
Department of Economics, College of Economics and Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Abounoori, E., & Nademi, Y. (2010). Government Size Threshold and Economic Growth in Iran. International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 2(1), 95-108.
1
Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L., & Tanzi, V. (2010). Income Distribution Determinants and Public Spending Efficiency. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8(3), 367-389.
2
Alois, P. (2014). Income Inequality and Happiness: Is There a Relationship?. Working Paper. https://ideas.repec.org/p/lis/liswps/614.html.
3
Armey, R. K. (1995). The Freedom Revolution: The New Republican House Majority Leader Tells Why Big Government Failed, Why Freedom Works, and How We Will Rebuild America. Regnery Publishing.
4
Barro, R. J. (1990). Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), S103-S125.
5
Buchanan, W., & Cantril, H. (1953). How Nations See Each Other: A study in Public Opinion. Greenwood Press.
6
Chin-Hon-Foei, S. (1989). Life Satisfaction in the EC Countries, 1975-1984, In Veenhoven, R., Ed.: Did the Crisis Really Hurt?. Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1989, Netherlands, 24 – 43.
7
Clark, A. E., Flèche, S., & Senik, C. (2016). Economic Growth Evens Out Happiness: Evidence from Six Surveys. Review of Income and Wealth, 62(3), 405-419.
8
Cummins, R.A. (2003). Normative Life-Satisfaction: Measurement Issues and a Homeostatic Model. Social Indicators Research, 2003, Vol. 64, 225 – 256.
9
Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In Nations and households in economic growth (pp. 89-125). Academic Press.
10
Easterlin, R. A. (1995). Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 27(1), 35-47.
11
Fahey, T. & Smyth, E. (2003). What Can Subjective Indicators Tell Us about Inequalities in Welfare? Evidence from 33 European Societies. Working Paper, Dublin, Economic and Social Research Institute, 2003.
12
Fattahi, Sh, Karami, J, and Parniyan, T. (2019). Considering the Relationship between the Average of Happiness and Inequality of Happiness in MENA Countries, National Conference of Economics, Development Management and Entrepreneurship with the Approach of Protecting Iranian Goods, Sistan & Baluchestan Industrial Management Organization, https://www.civilica.com/Paper-EDME01-EDME01_098.html (In Persian).
13
Graafland, J., & Lous, B. (2019). Income inequality, life satisfaction inequality and trust: a cross country panel analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1717-1737.
14
Hansen, B. E. (1992). The Likelihood Ratio Test under Nonstandard Conditions: Testing the Markov Switching Model of GNP. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 7(1), 61-82.
15
Hansen, B. E. (1999). Threshold Effects in Non-Dynamic Panels: Estimation, Testing, and Inference. Journal of Econometrics, 93(2), 345-368.
16
Jalili Kamju, S., Nademi, Y. (2019). The relationship between income inequality and happiness inequality: A case study of Iran. The Journal of Economic Policy, 11(21), 77-101 (In Persian).
17
Monsef, A., Moalemi, M., Biyabani, J., Nejati, M., Taherizadeh, J. (2019). Investigating Economic Factors Affecting Happiness in Selected Countries: Panel Threshold Regression Approach. Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 9(36), 15-34.
18
Nademi Y, Hasanvand D. (2015). The Threshold Effects of Government Size on Income Inequality in Iran. The Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 20 (3), 125-143, (In Persian).
19
Nademi, Y. (2018). The resource curse and income inequality in Iran. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1159-1172.
20
Nademi, Y., Jalili Kamjoo, S. (2018). Evaluating the Effect of Absolute and Relative Poverty on Happiness Inequality in Iran. Economic Modeling, 12(41), 1-26, (In Persian).
21
Ott, J. (2005). Level and Inequality of Happiness in Nations: Does Greater Happiness of a Greater Number Imply Greater Inequality in Happiness?. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(4), 397-420.
22
Ott, J. C. (2011). Government and happiness in 130 nations: Good governance fosters higher level and more equality of happiness. Social indicators research, 102(1), 3-22.
23
Oishi, S., Kesebir, S., & Diener, E. (2011). Income inequality and happiness. Psychological science, 22(9), 1095-1100.
24
Sieroń, A. (2017). Inflation and income inequality. Prague Economic Papers, 26(6), 633-645.
25
Sylwester, K. (2002). Can Education Expenditures Reduce Income Inequality?. Economics of Education Review, 21(1), 43-52.
26
Veenhoven, R. & Ehrhardt, J. (1995). The Cross-National Pattern of Happiness: A Test of Predictions Implied in Three Theories of Happiness. Social Indicators Research, 1995, Vol. 34, 33 – 68.
27
Veenhoven, R. & Kalmijn, W.M. (2005). Inequality-Adjusted Happiness in Nations. Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 6, 421-455.
28
Veenhoven, R. (1990). Inequality in Happiness, Inequality in Countries Compared Between Countries, Paper in the 12th Work Congress of Sociology, Madrid, Spain.
29
Veenhoven, R. (2000). Well-Being in the Welfare State: Level Not Higher, Distribution Not More Equitable. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 2000, Vol. 2, 91 – 125.
30
Veenhoven, R. (2002). Die Rückkehr der Ungleichheit in die moderne Gesellschaft? Die Verteilung der Lebenszufriedenheit in den EU-Ländern von 1973 bis 1996 (Return of Inequality in Modern Society? Dispersion of Life-Satisfaction in EU-nations 1973 -1996).
31
Veenhoven, R. (2004). World Database of Happiness: Continuous Register of Research on Subjective Enjoyment of Life. Available at https://personal.eur.nl/veenhoven/Pub2000s/2004f-full.pdf.
32
Veenhoven, R. (2005). Inequality of Happiness in Nations, Introduction to this Special Issue. Journal of Happiness Studies, vol.6, 351-355.
33
Veenhoven, R. (2005). Return of Inequality in Modern Society? Test by Dispersion of Life-Satisfaction across Time and Nations. Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 6, 457-487.
34
Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American economic review, 91(1), 335-341.
35
Dao, T. K. (2017). Government Expenditure and Happiness: Direct and Indirect Effects. Master of Arts thesis in Development Studies, International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Managed Floating Exchange Rate Regime and Policy Evaluation for Iran
Exchange rate fluctuations have a major role on business cycles. Due to this degree of importance, this paper analyzed the effects of managed floating exchange rate regime on dynamics of some macroeconomics variables of Iran. To do this, we design a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for Iran and then using quarterly data over 1989-2016 and Bayesian method, the structural parameters of the model have been estimated. By employing conditional forecasting, our results show that managed floating exchange rate regime, compared with fixed regime, brings more economic growth and at the same time, less speculative activities in money and exchange markets. Moreover, the results from variance decomposition reveal that exchange rate shocks are the most important shock in deriving business cycles and fluctuations of other variables. Based on these finding, we propose policymaker to choose managed floating exchange rate regime as its policy rule.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5546_c54fed262e0e9bac0cf3e4a94b3a5bb7.pdf
2020-06-24
441
462
10.22099/ijes.2020.33990.1583
Exchange rate regimes
DSGE Models
Policy evaluation
Conditional forecasting
Kiomars
Sohaili
ksohaili@razi.ac.ir
1
Department of Economics, , Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Erfani
aerfani@semnan.ac.ir
2
Department of Economics, ,Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Yousef
Hayati
hayati.yousef@yahoo.com
3
Department of Economics, ,Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Adolfson, M., & Laseen, S., & Linde, J., & Svensson, L. (2014), Monetary Policy Trade- offs in an Estimated Open Economy DSGE Model, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 42, 33- 49.
1
Agenor, R., & Prasad, E., and McDermott, C. (1999), Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries; Some Stylized Facts, IMF Working Papers 99/35.
2
Batini, N, and Gabriel, V, and Levine, P, and Pearlman, J. (2010). “A Floating versus managed exchange rate regime in a DSGE model of India,NIPE Working Papers, 31/2010, NIPE - Universidade do Minho.
3
Canzoneri, M., & Cumby, R., & Diba, B. (2001), Is the Price Level Determined by the Needs of Fiscal Solvency?, American Economic Review, Vol. 91, No. 5, 1221 – 1238.
4
Curdia, V., & Woodford, M. (2008), Credit Spreads and Monetary Policy, NBER Working Paper, 15289.
5
Dilmaghani, A., and Tehranchian, A. (2015), The Impact of Monetary Policies on the Exchange Rate: A GMM Approach, Iranian Economic Review (IER), vol. 19(2), 177-191.
6
Dueker, M., and Fischer, A. (1996), Inflation Targeting in a Small Open Economy: Empirical Results for Switzerland, Journal of Monetary Economics, 37, 89 – 103.
7
Fuhrer, Jeffery. (2000), Habit Formation in Consumption and Its Implications for Monetary Policy Models, American Economic Review, Vol. 90, No. 3, 367 – 390.
8
Galí, Jordi., & Tommaso, Monacelli. (2005), Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Volatility in a Small Open Economy, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 72(3), 707-734.
9
Gali, Jordi., & Gertler, Mark. (1999), Inflation Dynamics: A Structural Econometric Analysis, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 44, Issue 2, 195 – 222.
10
Kydland, Finn., & Prescott, Edward. (1977), Rules rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, Issue 3, 473 – 91.
11
Lawrence, C., & Martin, E., & Evans, C. (2005), Nominal Rigidities and the Dynamic Effects of a Shock to Monetary Policy, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 113(1), 1-45.
12
Miah, J. (2010), Conditional Forecasts in DSGE Models, Norges Bank Working Paper, 2010/07.
13
Neumeyer, P., & Perri, F. (2005), Business Cycles in Emerging Economies: The Role of Interest Rates, NBER Working paper,10387.
14
Salavitabar, S., & Jalali-Naeini, A. (2014), Analyzing Exchange Rates Regimes in an Open Small Economy, Budget and Planning Journal, No. 125.
15
Tavakolian, H., & Sarem, M. (2017), DSGE Model in Dynare Software, Tehran, MBRI Publication.
16
Taylor, John. (1993), Discretion versus Policy Rules in Practice, Carnegie – Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol 39, 195-214.
17
Uhlig, H. (1999), A Toolkit for Analyzing Non-linear Difference Equations, Memo, Tilberg University.
18
Walsh, Carl. (2010), Monetary Theory and Policy. Massachusetts, MIT Press, Third Edition.
19
Yazdani, M., & Gheshlaghi, S. (2016), Analyzing the Effects of Exchange Rates Shocks on the Inflation in Iran Economy, Iran Applied Economic Studies Journal, No. 5, 171-197.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Designing a Competency Model Based on the New Leadership Literacies in the Economic Area: a Qualitative Content Analysis
The current skills of leaders will not be enough to succeed in future. Future leaders should be equipped with new literacies. This study intend to generate the new pattern of the new leadership literacies of senior managers of economic areas.The method of research was qualitative content analysis and reference data of research included the books of Hames (2007) and Johansen (2017), which were completely studied. Unit of analysis was theme. The study findings included 184 basic themes in the top ten themes of literacy organizers: 1.’Networked Intelligence’: Adaptation through learning; 2.‘Futuring’: to cope better with complexity; 3.’Strategic Navigation’: helping to assure the long-term viability of the whole system; 4.’Deep Design’: continuous consciousness; 5.’Brand Resonance’: Viral forms of communication; 6.’Looking Backward from the Future’: Clarity; 7.’Voluntary Fear Engagement’: turning fear into something positive; 8.‘Leadership for Shape-Shifting Organizations’: liquid leadership; 9.’Being There When You’re Not There’: very skilled at choosing the best media for communicating, and 10.’Creating and Sustaining Positive Energy’: balancing their own personal energy. In the new era, administrators equipped with new literacies, would help them develop the organization, their subordinates, and respond to the environment and gain competitive advantage.
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5550_8de687294ef2a87a26faa3808fb899e2.pdf
2020-06-24
463
493
10.22099/ijes.2020.34030.1584
Literacy
leadership
competency
Economic
literacy of illiteracy
Mehdi
Mohammadi
mmohammadi48@shirazu.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zahra
Nouraie Salek
nouraiesalek@gmail.com
2
Faculty of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Ghasem
Salimi
salimi.shu@gmail.com
3
Faculty of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Jafar
Jahani
jjahani37@gmail.com
4
Faculty of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Alshuwairekh, Khaled N. (2016). The Effectiveness of The Training Programs on Employees Performance: An Empirical Study at Private Sector Companies in Saudi Arabia, International Journal of Business and Management Review, Vol.4, Issue 9, pp.1-23.
1
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Persian Abstracts
https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6103_0b62b468c80871a9e611e70836948a80.pdf
2019-12-01
10.22099/ijes.2019.6103