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1 بررسی تطبیقی ضرایب فزاینده تولید بخش‌ها در جداول داده-ستانده و ماتریس‌ حسابداری اجتماعی Comparative Analysis of Sectoral Multipliers of Input-Output Model and Social Accounting Matrix https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4716.html 10.22099/ijes.2018.27001.1373 1 The present study is to indicate that the comparison between sectoral production multipliers of an input-output (I/O) model and a social accounting matrix (SAM) framework is almost impossible without taking into account accounting balances and theoretical considerations. Theoretically, the I/O model provides the Leontief’s production function, on the basis of which sectoral output multiplier can be derived. In a SAM, however, the combined Leontief-Keynes models dominate multipliers commonly known as accounting multiplier matrices. The inter-industry blocks of these matrices cannot be called sectoral output multipliers as in an I/O model, rather they are known as sectoral supply multipliers. Therefore, the two sectoral multipliers are of different nature and cannot be compared for assessing sectoral performance and sectoral policy analysis of the key sectors. In the light of these evidence, this important question can be posed that whether it is possible to compare sectoral multipliers of the two approaches or not? To investigate this, two databases were used, namely the conventional I/O tables and SAM. The data for both sets of tables, prepared by the Research Center of the Islamic Parliament for the year 2011, were aggregated into 21×21 sectors. The overall results indicated that sectoral output multipliers of a conventional I/O model grossly overestimated multipliers of key sectors while sectoral supply multipliers of a conventional SAM underestimated multipliers of the key sectors. To solve the problem and make sectoral multipliers of the two approaches comparable, deduction of imports has been proposed. The overall findings showed that sectoral output multipliers of a conventional I/O model were overestimated about 1.284 unit on average and sectoral supply multipliers of a conventional SAM were underestimated about 1.245 unit on average. Considering the domestic I/O model and SAM, however, it was observed that sectoral output multipliers is on an average 1.202 in domestic IOM whereas in domestic SAM sectoral output multipliers is on an average 1.237. Consequently, the two approaches were comparable in sectoral policy analysis. 0 مقایسه ضرایب فزاینده تولید بخش‌ها در الگوی داده-ستانده با رویکرد ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی نشان می‌دهد که مطابق مبانی نظری بر اساس رویکرد الگوی داده-ستانده لئونتیف، ضرایب فنی داده-ستانده (پیش‌نیاز محاسبه ضرایب فزاینده تقاضا به تولید)، از تقسیم مبادلات واسطه‌ای بین بخشی به ستانده یا عرضه داخلی هر بخش حاصل می‌شود در حالی که در رویکرد ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی بمنظور بدست آوردن ماتریس ضرایب فنی، ماتریس مبادلات واسطه‌ای بین بخشی بر عرضه کل (مجموع عرضه داخلی و واردات) تقسیم می‌گردد. این موضوع، منجر به اختلاف میان ضرایب فنی داده-ستانده و در پی آن ضرایب فزاینده تولیدی در جدول داده-ستانده و ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی خواهد شد بطوری که نمی‌توان ضرایب فزاینده تولیدی حاصل از جداول داده-ستانده را با ضرایب فزاینده تولید بخش‌ها حاصل از ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی مقایسه نمود. سوال اساسی آن است که چگونه می‌توان نتایج حاصل از ضرایب فزاینده تولید بخش‌ها در دو الگوی یادشده را مطابقت داد و قابلیت مقایسه آنها را با یکدیگر فراهم نمود؟ در این مطالعه از رویکرد روش‌شناسی الگوهای داده-ستانده و ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی متعارف استفاده می‌شود. همچنین به منظور پیگیری اهداف پژوهش، از جدول داده-ستانده و ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی سال 1390 مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس استفاده می‌شود. 143 158 علی فریدزاد Ali Faridzad Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabatabae University, Tehran, Iran. Iran faridzadali@yahoo.com علی اصغر بانویی Ali Asghar Banouei Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran. Iran banouei7@yahoo.com الگوی داده-ستانده ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی تفکیک واردات ضرایب فنی ضرایب فزاینده References## Banouei, A. (1989). Planning model for Iran in input – output framework. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Bombay, and University of Bombay, India.##Banouei. A.A., & Mahmoudi, M. (2001). The importance of mixed income and its relation to the employment capacity of economic sectors based on semi social accounting matrix. Majale Barnamme va Boodje, 87-120.##Banouei, A. M. (2003). Economic and social analysis of agriculture, industry and service sector multipliers based on SAM. Agriculture Economics and Development, 11(41-42), 1-26.##Banouei A.A. (2011a). Evaluation of import deduction methods with emphasis of symmetric table of 2001. Economic Policy, 4(8), 31-73.##Banouei, A.A. (2011b). The impacts of reducing the production of agriculture sector on the other economic sectors based on mixed approaches with emphasis normal and special conditions. Faslaname Eghtesad Keshavarzi va Tossee, 79, 155-186.##Faridzad, A., Banouei, A.A., Momeni, F., & Amadeh, H. (2012). Investigating the economic and social impacts of petroleum products supply constraints using mixed social accounting matrix. Faslnameh Tahghighate Modelsazi Eghtesadi, 10(3), 99-123.##Faridzad, A., Banouei, A.A., Momeni, F., & Amadeh, H. (2014). A policy-oriented analysis on price effect of limitations on petroleum products supply in light of modified supply-driven social accounting matrix. Faslnameh Majlis & Rahbord, 27(79), 153-184.##Flegg A.T., & Tohmo, T. (2015). Using CHARM to adjust for cross-hauling: The case of province of Hube, China. Economic Systems Research, 27(3), 391-413.##Ghosh, S., & Sengupta, S. (1984). Income distribution and the structure of production. Prometheus Books.##Khaleghi, S., Bazzazan, F., & Madani, Sh. (2015). The effects of climate change on agricultural production and Iranian economy. Tahghighate Eghtesad Keshavarzi, 7(25), 113-135.##Krorenberg G.T. (2009). Construction of regional input-output tables using non-survey methods: The role of cross-hauling. International Regional Science Review, 32(1), 40-46.##Krosenberg G.T. (2012). Regional input-output models and treatment of imports in the European systems of accounts. Review of Regional Research, 32, 175-191.##Miller, R. E., & Blair P. D. (2009). Input-output analysis: Foundations and extensions. Cambridge University Press.##Pasha, P., Banouei, A., & Bahrami, J. (2013). Policy analysis of the role of import in evaluation of Iranian economic sectors importance. Pajooheshname Bazargani, 67, 81-100.##The Research Center of the Islamic Parliment. (2011). Input-output table of 2011. The Research Center of the Islamic Parliment.##

1 شناسایی کانال های موثر سازوکارهای انتقال پولی در ایران با استفاده از یک الگوی تعادل عمومی پویای تصادفی Reconnoitering the effective Channels of Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Iran Using a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4807.html 10.22099/ijes.2018.28774.1439 1 The purpose of the present research is to investigate the effective channels of the monetary transmission mechanism in Iran. To do so, we devised a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model. In our model, the different types of nominal rigidities are introduced beside all the related structural equations, which are extracted and linearized around a steady state point. Furthermore, to design the DSGE model, two different monetary rules—Taylor and McCallum rules—are used. In other words, the different channels of monetary mechanisms are investigated on the basis of these two rules. To estimate the two mentioned models, seasonal data for the period 1990–2015 are collected. The estimation method used in the study is the Bayesian method. According to the results obtained from variance decomposition, in the Taylor rule-based, q-Tobin, interest rate, wealth and expectation channels are the effective channels in monetary transmission mechanisms; also, in the McCallum rule-based model monetary policy, wealth and expectation channels are the effective channels in monetary transmission mechanisms. In addition, based on the simulation results in the Taylor model, increasing interest rate causes a reduction in output, consumption, investment and capital utilization rate, and in the McCallum model, a positive monetary shock can cause an increase in preceding variables, which is a result of price rigidity. 0 هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی کانال های موثر مکانیزم انتقال پولی در ایران است. بدین منظور، یک الگوی تعادل عمومی پویای تصادفی مبتنی بر ساختار کینزی جدید مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. در این مدل، انواع مختلف چسبندگی های اسمی در معادلات لحاظ شده است به نحوی که معادلات نیز حول نقطه وضعیت پایدار استخراج و خطی شده اند. علاوه بر این، در طراحی مدل تعادل عمومی، دو قاعده پولی مختلف از نوع تیلور و مک‌کالم مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. به عبارت دیگر، کانال‌های مختلف مکانیزم انتقال پولی تحت این دو قاعده مورد بررسی قرار گرفته اند. به منظور برآورد این دو قاعده مختلف، از داده های فصلی دوره 1394 – 1369 استفاده شده است. روش مورد استفاده در این مطالعه روش بیزین می باشد. با توجه به نتایج برآورد حاصل از تجزیه واریانس، در قاعده مبتنی بر تیلور کانال های q توبین، نرخ بهره، ثروت و انتظارات کانال های موثر در مکانیزم انتقال پولی هستند و در قاعده مبتنی بر مک کالم، کانال های سیاست پولی،ثروت و انتظارات در مکانیزم انتقال پولی موثر هستند. همچنین، بر اساس شبیه سازی قاعده تیلور، افزایش نرخ بهره باعث کاهش تولید، مصرف، سرمایه گذاری و نرخ کاربری سرمایه می شود و در مدل مک کالم، یک شوک مثبت سیاست پولی باعث افزایش در متغیرهای اشاره شده می گردد که در نتیجه چسبندگی قیمت ها می باشد. 159 183 حسین مرزبان Hossein Marzban Department of Economics , Shiraz University Shiraz, Iran. Iran dr.marzban@gmail.com پرویز رستم زاده Parviz Rostamzadeh Department of Economics, Shiraz University Shiraz, Iran. Iran parvizrostamzadeh@shirazu.ac.ir جعفر قادری Jafar Ghaderi Department of Economics, Shiraz University Shiraz, Iran. Iran jghaderi@rose.shirazu.ac.ir عبدالحمید خسروی Abdulhamid Khosravi Department of Economics, Shiraz University Shiraz, Iran. Iran hamid8054@gmail.com مکانیزم انتقال پولی الگوی تعادل عمومی قواعد پولی کانالهای انتقال پولی References## Bernanki, B., & Blinder, Alan. (1998). Credit, money and aggregate demand. The American Economic Review, 78(2), 435-439.##Boivin, J., & Kiley, M., & Mishkin, F. (2010). How Has the Monetary Transmission Mechanism Evolved Over Time? NBER Working Paper 15879.##Calvo, G. (1983). Staggered prices in a utility maximizing framework. Journal of Monetary Economics. 12(3), 983-998.##Christiano, L., Eichenbaum, M., & Evans, C. (2005). Nominal rigidities and the dynamic effects of a shock to monetary policy. 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Taylor and M. Woodford. Vol. 1C, 1483–1530. Amsterdam: North-Holland.##Mohanty, M., & Turner, P. (2006). Foreign exchange reserve accumulation in emerging markets: What are the domestic implications? BIS Working Paper.##Pourahmadi, R., Hadian, E., Sadraei Javaheri, A., & Shahnazi, R. (2017).Identifying the adopted monetary policy rule by the central bank of Iran. Iranian Journal of Economic Studies, 6(1), 87-107.##Skaperdas, A. (2017). How effective is monetary policy at the zero lower bound? Identification through industry heterogeneity. Finance and economics discussion series, Divisions of research & statistics and monetary affairs, Federal Reserve board.##Senbet, D. (2016). Measuring the channels of monetary policy transmission: A Factor Augmented Vector Autoregressive (FAVAR) Approach. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 2, 5-40.##Shah Hosseini, S., & Bahrami, J. (2016). Macroeconomic fluctuations and monetary transmission mechanism in Iran (DSGE model approach). Quarterly Economic Research, 60, 1- 48.##Shahraki, S., Sabahi, A., & Mahdavi, – Adeli, M. (2015). Real exchange rate as a new monetary transmission mechanism in Iran economy: A DSGE model. Budget & Planning Journal, 4, 71 – 106.##Sinelnikova, - Muryleva, E. (2017). Analysis of transmission mechanism of monetary policy of the bank of Russia in conditions of transition to inflation targeting. Working papers 041703, Russian Presidential.##Smets, F., & Wouters, R. (2003). An estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of the Euro area. Journal of the European Economic Association,1(5),1123-1175.##

1 راهبرد ایران در بهره برداری از منابع مشترک نفت و گاز: رویکرد نظریه بازی Iran's Strategy in Utilizing Common Resources of Oil and Gas: Game Theory Approach https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4808.html 10.22099/ijes.2018.28145.1423 1 Utilization management of Persian Gulf oil and gas reserves is important, because of the importance of this area owing to the fact that it comprised 60% of the proven oil reserves and 40% of the proven gas reserves of the world and it determines the world's oil and gas strategies. By using game theory, this paper seeks to achieve the best strategy that Iran could use in confronting other partners of common fields. Moreover, it seems to find the best approach for Iran and other countries in cooperation and non-cooperation conditions in extraction. The results showed that the higher the number of countries for a common resource, the less the attempt of each country would be; however, the more the total attempt of countries will be, which means more waste of attempt. Overall, partner countries in a resource are recommended to take actions to extract common resource via agreement and mutual cooperation; so that they could extract the same amount of common resources exercising less effort. 0 مدیریت بهره برداری از ذخایر نفت و گاز خلیج فارس به دلیل اهمیت بسیار بالای این منطقه که حدود 60 درصد ذخایر اثبات شده نفت و 40 درصد ذخایر اثبات شده گاز جهان را داراست و استراتژی های نفت و گاز جهان را رقم خواهد زد، بسیار حیاتی است. این مقاله با بهره گیری از نظریه بازی به دنبال دست یابی به بهترین استراتژی است که ایران می تواند در مواجهه با سایر شرکای میادین مشترک، داشته باشد و همچنین در دو حالت همکاری و عدم همکاری در استخراج، بهترین استراتژی برای ایران و سایر کشورها چه خواهد بود. نتایج نشان داد که در صورت همکاری بین کشورها با سطح تلاش کمتری می توان همان اندازه از منابع را استخراج کرد که در صورت عدم همکاری بین کشورها اتفاق می افتاد. همچنین هر چه تعداد کشورها برای یک منبع مشترک، بیشتر باشد، سطح تلاش هر کشور کمتر خواهد بود اما سطح تلاش مجموع کشورها بیشتر خواهد شد، یعنی میزان تلاش بیشتری هدر می رود. نهایتاً پیشنهاد می گردد که کشورهای شریک در یک منبع با عقد موافقت نامه، با همکاری متقابل به استخراج منابع مشترک بپردازند، تا با میزان کمتری از تلاش بتوانند همان مقادیر از منابع مشترک را استخراج کنند. 185 202 صلاح سلیمیان Salah Salimian Department of Economics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Iran salahsalimian@yahoo.com کیومرث شهبازی kiumars shahbazi Department of Economics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Iran k.shahbazi@urmia.ac.ir نظریه بازی بازی های ایستا با اطلاعات کامل منابع مشترک نفت و گاز References## Abduli, Q. (2007). Game Theory and Its Applications (Static and Dynamic Games of Complete Information). Academic Jihad of University of Tehran, Tehran, ##Abduli, Q. (2012). Game Theory and Its Applications (Incomplete, Complementary and Collaborative Information Games). SAMT. Tehran.##Ahmadian, M., & Varharami, V. (2013). Achieving optimum path of extraction from offshore reservoirs of south pars (through applying environmental limitations) with emphasis on the significance of financial resources. Journal of Practical Economic Studies in Iran. 2(6), 105-120.##Aplak H. S., & Sogut M. Z. (2013). Game theory approach in decisional process of energy management for industrial sector. Energy Conversion and Management, 74, 70–80.##Beyene, Z., & Wadley I. L.G. (2004). 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1 تاثیر نابرابری فرصت ها بر رشد اقتصادی و درآمد سرانه Opportunity Inequality and its Effects on Economic Growth and Per Capita GDP https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4781.html 10.22099/ijes.2018.24959.1322 1 Opportunity inequality and its relationship with economic growth is a concept to which not enough attention has been paid in the previous studies. This study attempts to investigate the effects of opportunity inequality index on economic growth in 15 developing and 15 developed countries over the years 1995-2015. Accordingly, the mean group (MG) estimator within the framework of panel data was used and a new index for opportunity inequality was created. Furthermore, the effects of opportunity inequality and its sub-indices on per capita GDP were compared with the results of the model when economic growth was a dependent variable. The results showed that inequality of opportunities and its sub-indices on economic growth and per capita GDP had different effects in the developed and developing countries. 0 نابرابری فرصت و ارتباط آن با رشد اقتصادی موضوعی است که در مطالعات دیگر کمتر به آن اشاره شده است. در این مطالعه تلاش شده است تا اثرات نابرابری فرصت روی رشد اقتصادی در 15 کشور در حال توسعه و 15 کشور توسعه یافته طی دوره 1995-2015 مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. استفاده از روش برآورد میانگین گروهی در چارچوب داده های تابلویی، و ساخت شاخصی جدید برای نابرابری فرصت و بررسی اثر آن بر رشد اقتصادی از جمله موارد تمایز این مطالعه با سایر مطالعات می باشد. علاوه بر این اثرات نابرابری فرصت و زیرشاخص های آن روی درآمد سرانه با نتایج مدل زمانی که رشد اقتصادی متغیر وابسته بوده است، مقایسه شده است. نتایج نشان داد که اثرات شاخص نابرابری فرصت و زیر شاخص های آن روی رشد اقتصادی و سطح درآمد سرانه در بین کشورهای در حال توسعه و توسعه یافته، با یکدیگر تفاوت قابل ملاحظه ای داشته است. 203 225 حسین محمدی Hosein Mohammadi Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 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1 برجستگی عناصر قائم بالذات علم اقتصاد در روند تکامل اندیشه اقتصادی Notability of Substantive Elements of Economics, in Groundwork of Evolution of Economic Thought https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4736.html 10.22099/ijes.2018.27401.1386 1 This paper is investigating that:" resurging evolution of economic thought, EET, is brilliantly in direction with eminence of substantive elements of economics itself". It presupposes that the substantive elements of economics embraces the following package: 1- maintaining on some epistemic doctrines, including rationality, efficiency and equilibrium.2-dynamic characteristic of economic theories. 3-obvious interdisciplinary framework and systematic relationship with other social sciences.4- Compatibility with mildness and moderation.5- institutional, social and ethical potentialty.6-pluralistic in nature and potentiality for methodological reforms.7-Applying the package in question would create an outstanding analytical power. Due to pluralistic nature of conventional economics, it constitutes mainstream and non-mainstream, neoclassic and non-neoclassical paradigms and so forth. Moreover, neoclassic paradigm includes both orthodox and non-orthodox approaches. This paper maintains on efficacy of moderate and non-orthodox paradigms of conventional economics. 0 این مقاله این موضوع را تحلیل می‌کند که: بازگشت به اندیشه اقتصادی به‌طوری چشمگیر در راستای تبیین عناصر قائم بالذات خود علم اقتصاد است. پیش‌فرض کلیدی این کار آن است که عناصر قائم بالذات علم اقتصاد بسته زیر را شامل می‌شود: 1- استواری بر یک سلسله اصول معرفت‌شناختی مانند عقلانیت، کارآمدی و تعادل 2- دارای نظریه‌های پویا 3- برخورداری آشکار از چارچوب بین‌رشته‌ای و پیوند نظام‌مند با دیگر رشته‌های علوم اجتماعی 4- دارای ظرفیت تولید پارادایم‌های میانه و معتدل 5- بهره‌مندی از قابلیت نهادی، اجتماعی و اخلاقی 6- ماهیت چند پارادایمی و قابلیت اصلاح روش شناختی و سرانجام 7- داشتن ظرفیت تحلیلی قوی به دلیل ویژگی‌های یادشده. همچنین بر این نتیجه تأکید می‌شود که اقتصاد به دلیل خصوصیت چند پارادایمی شامل رویکردهای ارتدکسی و هم غیر ارتدکسی است. یک یافته این مقاله نشان دادن کارآمدی پارادایم‌های غیر ارتدکسی از مجموعه پارادایم‌های اقتصاد متعارف است. 227 249 یدالله دادگر Yadollah Dadgar Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 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1 اثر مالیات سبز بر بخش سلامت ایران: رهیافت تعادل عمومی Green tax effect on Iran’s health sector: A general equilibrium approach https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4813.html 10.22099/ijes.2018.28305.1430 1 Despite positive aspects of energy consumption, their negative externalities i.e., environmental pollutions, are considerable. Green taxes, paid for products and services that are not environmentally friendly, are recommended as an efficient way of improving health indices. Since, Iran is among the countries with high per capita consumption of energy, pollution can be a kind of threat. In this regard, to simulate the effect of green taxes on Iran’s health sector, we use a general equilibrium model, calibrated by Iran’s Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) in 2011. The results show green taxes reduces all kinds of environmental pollutions. Furthermore, 62% of health costs are spent on mortality, 26.4% on morbidity, and 11.6% on non-health effects. 0 علی‌رغم وجود جنبه های مثبت مصرف انرژی، عوارض جانبی منفی ناشی از آن قابل توجه می باشد. آلودگی های زیست محیطی به عنوان یکی از این عوارض محسوب می شود که سلامت انسان ها را در قرن حاضر به مخاطره انداخته است. اعمال مالیات سبز بر روی نهاده ها و محصولات یا خدماتی که با محیط زیست سازگار نیستند، توسط اقتصاددانان محیط زیست به عنوان یک روش کارآمد برای بهبود شاخص های بهداشتی توصیه می شود. از آنجایی که ایران در میان کشورهای دارای مصرف سرانه بالای انرژی می باشد، آلودگی می تواند تهدید جدی برای جامعه ایجاد کند. این مطالعه با استفاده از یک مدل تعادل عمومی با در نظر گرفتن اثرات متفاوت بخش‌های اقتصاد، انرژی، محیط زیست و بخش سلامت به شبیه‌سازی اثر مالیات سبز بر شاخص‌های سلامت در ایران می‌پردازد. مدل ارائه شده با داده‌های ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی سال 1390 ایران کالیبره شده است. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد با اعمال سیاست مالیات سبز، انتشار تمامی‌آلاینده‌ها با درجات مختلفی همواره کاهش می‌یابد. همچنین، اثرات آلودگی بر شاخص‌های سلامت نشان می‌دهد که سهم هزینه‌های مرگ و میر، بیماری(ناخوشی) و اثرات غیرسلامت ناشی از آلودگی هوا به ترتیب 62، 26.4 و 11.6 درصد می‌باشد. 251 270 محمدعلی ترکی هرچگانی Mohammad Ali Torki Harchegani Department of Agricultural Economics, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran Iran torki@pnu.ac.ir نظر دهمرده Nazar Dahmardeh Department of Economics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. 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