نویسندگان

چکیده

تعامل مکان و ایجاد بنگاه­های جدید مقوله­ای است که در ایران تاکنون بدان پرداخته نشده و از این رو این مقاله می­کوشد تا تاثیر ویژگی­های جغرافیایی و صنعتی را در ایجاد بنگاه­های صنعتی ایران مورد بررسی و کنکاش قرار دهد. برای این منظور از روش داده­های تلفیقی در سطح مناطق و در فاصله زمانی 1380-1384 استفاده شده است. با استفاده از روش GLS، نتایج این مطالعه نشان دهنده آن است که عوامل مکانی و جغرافیایی تاثیر معنی­داری را بر شکل­گیری بنگاه­های جدید بر جای گذاشته­اند. علاوه­برآن، نتایج این مطالعه نشان دهنده آن است که مناطق مرکزی ایران به صورت قابل توجهی نسبت به مناطق مرزی از نرخ­های بالاتر ایجاد بنگاه­های جدید برخوردار بوده­اند. همچنین، نرخ شکل­گیری بنگاه­های جدید در مناطقی با رشد GDP بیشتر، امنیت بالاتر و درصد بالای شهرنشینی بیشتر است. این در حالی است که حداقل اندازه کارا و نرخ بیکاری باعث کاهش نرخ ایجاد بنگاه­های جدید می­شود. براین اساس نتایج به دست آمده از این پژوهش می­تواند زمینه را برای شناسایی سیاست­هایی که می­کوشند تا کارآفرینی را در مناطق مرزی با ایجاد بنگاه­های جدید دنبال کنند، فراهم نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Akram, T. (2002). Net entry and exit patterns of Bangladesh manufacturing industries. Applied Economics Letters, 9(1), 25-31.
Armington, C., & Acs, Z. J. (2002). The determinants of regional variation in new firm formation. Regional Studies, 36(1), 33-45.
Audretsch, D. B., & Fritsch, M. (1994). The geography of firm births in Germany. Regional Studies, 28(4), 359-365.
Baltagi, B. H. (2001). Econometrics analysis of panel data. Wiley, Chichester.
Basant, R., & Nath Saha, S. (2005). Determinants of entry in the Indian manufacturing sector. IIMA Working Papers, No WP2005-01-01.
Blasco, A. S., & Fornielles, M. C. (2000). Geographical determinants of the creation of manufacturing firms: The regional of Spain. 40th European Regional Science Association Congress, Barcelona.
Bosma, N., Van Stel, A., & Suddle, K. (2008). The geography of new firm formation: Evidence from independent start-ups and new subsidiaries in the Netherlands. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(2), 129-146. 
Breitung, J. & Pesaran, M. H. (2008). Unit roots and cointegration in panels. Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics, 46, 279-322.
Brixy, U., & Grotz, R. (2007). Regional patterns and determinants of firm birth and survival of new firms in Western Germany. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19, 293-312.
Calá, C. D., & Arauzo-Carod, J. M. (2010). Regional determinants of firm entry in Argentina: An analysis for the period 2003-2008. In Reunion Annual Association, Argentina, Buenos Aires (In English).
Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20(2), 249-272.
Comanor, W. S. (1967). Market structure, product differentiation and industrial research. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 57, 245-65.
Davidsson, P., Lindmark., L., & Olofsson, C. (1994). New firm formation and regional development in Sweden. Regional Studies, 28(4), 395-410.
Evans, D. S., & Jovanovic, B. (1989). An Estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints. Journal of Political Economy, 97(4), 808-827.
Fotopoulos, G., & Spence, N. (1999). Spatial variations in new manufacturing plant openings: Some empirical evidence from Greece. Regional Studies, 33(3), 219-229.
Fritsch, M. (1992). Regional differences in new firm formation: Evidence from West Germany. Regional Studies, 26(3), 233-241.
Fritsch, M., & Mueller, P. (2006). The evolution of regional entrepreneurship and growth regimes. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 14, 225-244.
Garofoli, G. (1994). New firm formation and regional development: The Italian case. Regional Studies, 28(4), 381-393.
 Gaygisiz, E., & Koksal, M. Y. (2003). Regional variation in new firm formation in Turkey: Cross-section and panel data evidence. ERC Working Paper, 03/08.
Geroski, P.A. (1991). Domestic and foreign entry in the United Kingdom: 1983-1984, in Geroski, P. A. & Schwalbach, J., eds. Entry and Market Contestability: An International Comparison, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Guesnier, B. (1994). Regional variations in new firm formation in France. Regional Studies, 28(4), 347-358.
Hart, M., & Gudgin, G. (1994). Spatial variations in new firm formation in the Republic of Ireland, 1980-1990. Regional Studies, 28(4), 367-380.
Highfield, R., & Smiley, R. (1987). New business starts and economic activity: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 5(1), 51–66.
Hoover, E. M., & Vernon, R. (1962).  Anatomy of a metropolis. Anchor Books: New York.
Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. 
Johnson, P., & Parker, S. (1996). Spatial variations in the determinants and effects of firm births and deaths. Regional Studies, 30(7), 679-688.
Kangasharju, A. (2000). Regional variations in firm formation: Panel and cross-section data evidence from Finland. Regional Science, 79(4), 355-373.
Keeble, D., &Walker, S. (1994). New firms, small firms and dead firms: Spatial patterns and determinants in the United Kingdom. Regional Studies, 28(4), 411-427.
Krugman, P.  (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483-499.
Lay, T. J. (2003). The determinants of and interaction between entry and exit in Taiwan's manufacturing. Small Business Economics, 20(4), 319-334.
Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. (2002). Unit root rests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. H. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
Mansfield, E. (1962). Entry, Gibrat’s Law, innovation, and the growth of firms. American Economic Review, 52 (5), 1023-1051.
Mata, J., & Machado, J.A.F. (1996). Firm start-up size: A conditional quantile approach. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1305-1323.
Mocnik, D. (2010). Determinants of firm entries: Empirical evidence for Slovenia. Economics and Business Review, 12(2), 129-145.
Nivin, S. R. (1998). Regional innovation potential: The case of the U.S. machine tool industry (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Texas at Dallas.
Nystrom, K. (2005). Determinants of regional entry and exit in industrial sectors. Electronic Working Paper, No.33.
Nystrom, K. (2007). An industry disaggregated analysis of the determinants of regional entry and exit. Annals Regional Science, 41(4), 877-896.
Okamuro, H., & Kobayashi, N. (2005). Determinants of regional variations in start-up ratio: Evidence from Japan. COE/RES Discussion Paper, No.115. 
Orr, D. (1974). The determinants of entry: A study of the Canadian manufacturing industries. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 56(1), 58-66.
Reynolds, P. (1994). Autonomous firm dynamics and economic growth in the United States, 1986-1990. Regional Studies, 28(4), 429-442.
Reynolds, P., Storey D.J., & Westhead, P. (1994). Cross-national comparison of the variation in new firm formation rates. Regional Studies 28(4), 443– 456.
Storey, D. J. (1991). The birth of new firms–does unemployment matter? A review of the evidence. Small Business Economics, 3(3), 167–178.
Sutaria, V. (2001). The dynamics of new firm formation: The case of the Texas manufacturing sector, 1976-1991 (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
Sutaria, V., & Hicks, D. A. (2004). New firm formation: Dynamics and determinants. Annals Regional Science, 38(2), 241–262.
Tervo, H., & Niittykangas, H. (1994). The impact of unemployment on new firm formation in Finland. International Small Business Journal, 13(1), 38–53.
Todtling, F., & Wanzenbock, H. (2003). Regional differences in structural characteristics of stat-ups. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 15(4), 351-370.  
Vivarelli, M. (1991). The birth of new enterprises. Small Business Economics, 3(3), 215-223.