https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/ Iranian Journal of Economic Studies en daily 1 Sun, 01 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0430 Sun, 01 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0430 https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6181.html Traditional trade theories and/or “Trade-in-Goods” predict that exports can generate 100% value-added which has recently been debated by Trade-in-Tasks theories. The root of these debates are referred to the existing conventional macro-economic accounting, which is expressed that expenditure components of final goods including gross exports (GE) equals to total value is consumed in each country. It means that a country’s GDP is the sum of its domestic final demand including GE. Generating 100% value added in domestic final demand may hold true but GE due to double counting may not generated 100% value added for the domestic economy. In addition to that domestic value added (DVA) has a nice property with Vertical Specialization (VS) in such a way that the sum of their shares are equal to one and therefore, can measure the degree of VS in trade. In this article, we take this issue as a starting point and for the first time try to analyze it with the following questions: What amount of DVA should be attributed to GE from Iran? What is the relationship between DVA and VS? We apply two methods of Hypothetical Extraction (HEM) and VS. Using the latest Input-Output Tables (IOTs) of 2011 and 2001 in Iran. The overall findings are as follows: One- the share of DVA in GE in 2001 is 95.02%, downs to 93.33% in 2011 and the shares of residual as an overestimation of GE are 4.98% and 6.67% for each year respectively. Second there is an inverse relationship between DVA and VS shares for both years. Third- the considerable large shares of DVA followed by small shares of VS suggest that Iranian economy is at the beginning of production chains with non-symmetric trade pattern. https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6275.html The pertinent question is whether scarcity of non-renewable energy resources limits economic growth. Given that the earth's natural resources are limited, the answer appears to be yes. However, there are two reasons to reject this question. Technological advancements that conserved resources may be able to eliminate resource scarcity. Additionally, countries can import resources from other countries. This paper aims to develop an endogenous growth model with stochastic exhaustible energy resources and use it to explain the economy's steady state behavior. We consider the uncertainty associated with extractable energy resources and then develop a stochastic growth model on this basis. Additionally, we solve this model analytically using the Stochastic Hamilton-Jacobin-Bellman method (SHJB method). Finally, for the Iranian economy, we apply the analytical solution. The primary findings indicate that as natural resource extraction becomes even more uncertain, the rate of economic growth slows, which results in a subsequent decline in the rate of resource extraction. Furthermore, we observe that the variance in energy extraction in the Iranian economy is approximately 0.22. Under these conditions of uncertainty, the optimal economic growth rate in a steady state will be 7.1 percent with an extraction rate of 1.1 percent. https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6279.html Abstract:The purpose of this research is to criticize the Iranian governments’ policies supporting the Foreign Direct Investors. In this regard, 243 questionnaires have been distributed among actual investors (active in the country) and 107 questionnaires among potential ones; by collecting and applying Heckman two-step model, we analyzed them. Uusing Heckman two-step model was necessary because factors influencing potential investors’ behaviors to come or not to Iran were not necessarily the same as the factors influencing the amount of investment inflows by actual investors. Accordingly, in this article, the soft dimension of business environment (encompassing incertitude due to Political Instability, Xenophobia, ...) is differentiated from its hard dimension (encompassing Bureaucratic Environment, Government Executive Inability, ...) which can influance on the way that these dimensions impact on investor’s behavior. The results indicate that while in deciding to come to Iran, the investors only consider the soft dimension and its decisive importance, policy making in the field of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI ) are concentrated only on hard dimensions of the matter. For investors, deciding to enter Iran, the soft dimension is important to them, not the hard dimension, but after entering the country, hard dimensions also becomes important, so that if the country's status is suitable in terms of hard dimensions, actual investors will be more motivated to develop their business and bring more capital in to the country. Improperly prioritizes issues that the investors face, can be one of the failure factors of current policy making to attract real investors. https://ijes.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6281.html This paper concentrates on the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in different country income levels. This study is based on 79 countries into four income groups (31 High income, 18 Lower middle income, 21 Upper middle-income, and 9 Low-income countries) for the period 1990-2019. Our estimations make use of panel quantile regression techniques. This article’s results show that the impact of FDI on economic growth appears to change with a country's growth level. The empirical results show that in countries with high income, medium-upper income levels, the influence of FDI on economic growth is always positive. Of course, there is a negative link between FDI and economic growth in the lower-income and the 30th percentile in medium-lower income. We obtained evidence that the growth effect of FDI is conditional upon the level of income and growth in host countries. The impact of FDI on economic growth depends on the countries income level. FDI is particularly suitable for economic growth in countries with higher GDP growth. In countries with medium-upper income levels of income, the influence of FDI on economic growth is greater than other income groups.