نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران
2 گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران.
چکیده
علیرغم وجود جنبه های مثبت مصرف انرژی، عوارض جانبی منفی ناشی از آن قابل توجه می باشد. آلودگی های زیست محیطی به عنوان یکی از این عوارض محسوب می شود که سلامت انسان ها را در قرن حاضر به مخاطره انداخته است. اعمال مالیات سبز بر روی نهاده ها و محصولات یا خدماتی که با محیط زیست سازگار نیستند، توسط اقتصاددانان محیط زیست به عنوان یک روش کارآمد برای بهبود شاخص های بهداشتی توصیه می شود. از آنجایی که ایران در میان کشورهای دارای مصرف سرانه بالای انرژی می باشد، آلودگی می تواند تهدید جدی برای جامعه ایجاد کند. این مطالعه با استفاده از یک مدل تعادل عمومی با در نظر گرفتن اثرات متفاوت بخشهای اقتصاد، انرژی، محیط زیست و بخش سلامت به شبیهسازی اثر مالیات سبز بر شاخصهای سلامت در ایران میپردازد. مدل ارائه شده با دادههای ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی سال 1390 ایران کالیبره شده است. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد با اعمال سیاست مالیات سبز، انتشار تمامیآلایندهها با درجات مختلفی همواره کاهش مییابد. همچنین، اثرات آلودگی بر شاخصهای سلامت نشان میدهد که سهم هزینههای مرگ و میر، بیماری(ناخوشی) و اثرات غیرسلامت ناشی از آلودگی هوا به ترتیب 62، 26.4 و 11.6 درصد میباشد.
کلیدواژهها
References
Albrecht, J. (2006). The use of consumption taxes to re-launch green tax reforms. International Review of Law and Economics, 26(1), 88-103.
Aloi, M., & Tournemaine, F. (2011). Growth effects of environmental policy when pollution affects health. Economic Modelling, 28(4), 1683-1695.
Andersen, M. S. (1994). The green tax reform in Denmark: Shifting the focus of tax liability. Environmental Liability, 2(2), 29-41.
Baccini, M., Mattei, A., Mealli, F., Bertazzi, P. A., & Carugno, M. (2017). Assessing the short term impact of air pollution on mortality: A matching approach. Environmental Health, 16(7), 1-12.
Basu, S., Andrews, J., Kishore, S., Panjabi, R., & Stuckler, D. (2012). Comparative performance of private and public healthcare systems in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS Medicine, 9(6), e1001244.
Beghin, J., Dessus, S., Roland-Holst, D., & Van Der Mensbrugghe, D. (1996). General equilibrium modelling of trade and the environment.Technical Paper No. 116, OECD Development Centre, Paris.
Bergman, L. (2005). CGEmodeling of environmental policy and resource management. Handbook of Environmental Economics, 3, 1273-1306.
Castro, A., Künzli, N., & Götschi, T. (2017). Health benefits of a reduction of PM10 and NO2 exposure after implementing a clean air plan in the Agglomeration Lausanne-Morges. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220(5), 829-839.
Chaabouni, S., & Saidi, K. (2017). The dynamic links between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, health spending and GDP growth: A case study for 51 countries. Environmental Research, 158, 137-144.
Chen, Y., Ebenstein, A., Greenstone, M., & Li, H. (2013). Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(32), 12936-12941.
Dissou, Y., & Eyland, T. (2011). Carbon control policies, competitiveness, and border tax adjustments. Energy Economics, 33(3), 556-564.
Eslami Andargoli, M., & Hadian, E. (2015). The investigation of the green tax effects on employment in the Iran's economy: A CGE approach. Quarterly Energy Economics Review, 11(43), 47-85. [in Persian].
Falahati, A., Soheili, K., Nazifi, M., & Abbaspour, S. (2013). Evaluation and modeling the effect of air pollution on health: Using artificial neural network. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology, 9(2), 39-49. [in Persian].
Farajzadeh, Z. (2018). Emissions tax in Iran: Incorporating pollution disutility in a welfare analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 186, 618-631.
Farajzadeh, Z., & Bakhshoodeh, M. (2015). Economic and environmental analyses of Iranian energy subsidy reform using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Energy for Sustainable Development, 27, 147-154.
Ferdosi, M., Kabiri, S., Keyvanara, M., & Yarmohammadian, M. H. (2017). Challenges of Iran health transformation plan about inpatients payment: Viewpoint of experts. Health Scope, 6(3), e14388.
Forsberg, B., Stjernberg, N., & Wall, S. (1997). Prevalence of respiratory and sensitization symptoms in relation to levels of criteria air pollutants in Sweden. European Journal of Public Health, 7, 291–296.
Ghorani-Azam, A., Riahi-Zanjani, B., & Balali-Mood, M. (2016). Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 21(65), 1-61.
Ghozikali, M. G., Mosaferi, M., Safari, G. H., & Jaafari, J. (2015). Effect of exposure to O3, NO2, and SO2 on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in Tabriz, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(4), 2817-2823.
Gunning, J. W., & Keyzer, M. A. (1995). Applied general equilibrium models for policy analysis. Handbook of development economics, 3, 2025-2107.
IEA (2017). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion. OECD/IEA, Paris.
Ison, S., & Wall, S. (2003). Market-and non-market-based approaches to traffic-related pollution: the perception of key stakeholders. International Journal of Transport Management, 1(3), 133-143.
Jafari, S. A., & Alizadeh, M. E. (2016). Simulation of green tax on economic growth in Iran: Application of Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Approach. Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 6(22), 57-70. [in Persian].
Keshavarz, K., Najafi, B., Andayesh, Y., Rezapour, A., Abolhallaj, M., Asiabar, A. S., & Lotfi, F. (2017). Social accounting matrix and the effects of economic reform on health price index and household expenditures: Evidence from Iran. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 31(68), 1-26.
Kirch, W. (2008). Encyclopedia of Public Health. Springer, New York, USA.
Kolstad, C. D. (2011). Environmental Economics. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Labandeira, X., Labeaga, J. M., & Rodríguez, M. (2004). Green tax reforms in Spain. Environmental Policy and Governance, 14(5), 290-299.
Liang, Qiao-Mei, Ying Fan, & Yi-Ming Wei. (2007). Carbon Taxation Policy in China: How to Protect Energy-and Trade-Intensive Sectors? Journal of Policy Modeling, 29(2), 311–33.
Lofgren, H., Harris, R. L., & Robinson, S. (2002). A standard computable general equilibrium (CGE) model in GAMS. Microcomputers in Policy Research Working Paper No. 5, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC.
Mayeres, I., & Van Regemorter, D. (2008). Modelling the health related benefits of environmental policies and their feedback effects: a CGE analysis for the EU countries with GEM-E3. The Energy Journal, 29(1), 135-150.
McKitrick, R. (1997). Double dividend environmental taxation and Canadian carbon emissions control. Canadian Public Policy, 23, 417-434.
Modig, L., Järvholm, B., Rönnmark, E., Nyström, L., Lundbäck, B., Andersson, C., & Forsberg, B. (2006). Vehicle exhaust exposure in an incident case–control study of adult asthma. European Respiratory Journal, 28(1), 75-81.
Nematollahi, Z., Shahnoushi, F. N., Javanbakht, O., & Kakhki, M. D. (2015). Assessment of results of the implementation of subsidies targeted on production activities. Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 5(19), 11-24. [in Persian].
Nyberg, F., Gustavsson, P., Ja¨rup, L., Bellander, T., Berglind, N., Jakobsson, R., & Pershagen, G. (2000). Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm. Epidemiology, 11, 487–4 95.
O'Gorman, M., & Jotzo, F. (2014). Impacts of the carbon price on Australia's electricity demand, supply, and emissions. Australian National University Centre for Climate Economics and Policy Working Paper 1411.
O'Ryan, R., De Miguel, C. J., Miller, S., & Munasinghe, M. (2005). Computable general equilibrium model analysis of economy wide cross effects of social and environmental policies in Chile. Ecological Economics, 54(4), 447-472.
O’Ryan, R., S. Miller y C. J. De Miguel (2001). Environmental Taxes, Inefficient Subsidies and Income Distribution in Chile: A CGE framework. Serie Economía N° 98. Departamento Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
O'Ryan, R., Miller, S., & De Miguel, C. J. (2003). A CGE framework to evaluate policy options for reducing air pollution emissions in Chile. Environment and Development Economics, 8(2), 285-309.
Ostro, B. D. (1994). Estimating health effects of air pollution: A methodology with an application to Jakarta, Policy Research Working Paper Series 1301. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C.
Oueslati, W. (2015). Growth and welfare effects of environmental tax reform and public spending policy. Economic Modelling, 45, 1-13.
Pope III, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., & Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Jama, 287(9), 1132-1141.
Powe, N. A., & Willis, K. G. (2004). Mortality and morbidity benefits of air pollution (SO2 and PM10) absorption attributable to woodland in Britain. Journal of Environmental Management, 70(2), 119-128.
Robson, A. (2014). Australia's carbon tax: An economic evaluation. Economic Affairs, 34(1), 35-45.
Samek, L. (2016). Overall human mortality and morbidity due to exposure to air pollution. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 29(3), 417-426.
Sarraf, M., Owaygen, M., Ruta, G., & Croitoru, L. (2005). Islamic Republic of Iran: Cost Assessment of Environmental Degradation. World Bank, Washington, D. C.
Saveyn, B., Paroussos, L., & Ciscar, J. C. (2012). Economic analysis of a low carbon path to 2050: A case for China, India and Japan. Energy Economics, 34, S451-S458.
Shahnoushi, N., Danesh, S., Daneshvar, M., Moghimi, M., & Akbar, B. (2012). Welfare and environmental quality impacts of green taxes in Iran: A computable general equilibrium model. African Journal of Business Management, 6(9), 3539-3545.
Siriwardana, M., Meng, S., & McNeill, J. (2011). The impact of a carbon tax on the Australian economy: Results from a CGE model. Business, Economics and Public Policy Working Papers, 2.
Somani, A. K. (2013). Environmental Tax Reform and Economic Welfare. PhD Thesis, Economics Department, Harvard University, United States.
Speck, S., & Jilkova, J. (2009). Design of Environmental Tax Reforms in Europe. Carbon-Energy Taxation: Lessons from Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Withana, S., ten Brink, P., Kretschmer, B., Mazza, L., Hjerp, P., & Sauter, R. (2013). Evaluation of environmental tax reforms: International experiences. The Institute for European Environmental Policy, Brussels, Belgium.
World Bank (2016). The cost of air pollution: Strengthening the economic case for action. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
World Health Organization. (2006). Air quality guidelines: Global update 2005. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2014). 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wurzel, R. (2002). Environmental policy-making in Britain, Germany and the European Union: The Europeanisation of air and water pollution control. Manchester University Press.
)